Abstract
The incidence of allergic disorders has been increasing over the past few decades, especially in industrialized countries. Allergies can affect people of any age. The pathogenesis of allergic diseases is complex and involves genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, and the response to medication is very variable. For some patients, avoidance is the sole effective therapy, and only when the triggers are identifiable. In recent years, the intestinal microbiota has emerged as a significant contributor to the development of allergic diseases. However, the precise mechanisms related to the effects of the microbiome on the pathogenesis of allergic diseases are unknown. This review summarizes the recent association between allergic disorders and intestinal bacterial dysbiosis, describes the function of gut microbes in allergic disease development from both preclinical and clinical studies, discusses the factors that influence gut microbial diversity and advanced techniques used in microbial analysis. Ultimately, more studies are required to define the host-microbial relationship relevant to allergic disorders and amenable to new therapeutic interventions.
Highlights
Allergic disorders have been on the increase in recent years, and especially in industrialized countries
This review aims first to provide the research of the current understanding of gut microbiota and allergic diseases, including advances and updates linking the gut microbiota with allergic diseases, and summarize the factors that lead to gut microbial alterations
MeSH terms used in this search were “intestinal microbiota,” “allergic disorders,” and “epidemiology.” Other searches in google scholar or PubMed included the following combinations, in which the MeSH terms of “intestinal microbiota” or “gut microbiota” and (a) “food allergy”; (b) “respiratory allergy,” “allergic rhinitis,” or “asthma”; (c) “skin allergy” or “atopic dermatitis”; (d) “drug allergy” were used to retrieve the number of papers which are studying the allergic disorders and gut microbiota
Summary
Allergic disorders have been on the increase in recent years, and especially in industrialized countries. It has been regarded as one of the “three major diseases of the 21st century” by the World Health Organization (WHO) and “a public health issue of global concern” by World Allergy Organization (WAO) 2014; American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, 2018). It is perhaps quite noteworthy that the mechanism of the pathogenic factors and pathways related to the Intestinal Bacteria and Allergic Diseases development and persistence of allergy is still not completely elucidated. The journey has been slow, punctuated by the discovery of grass pollen as a causative agent of allergy in 1873 by Charles Blackley, and the discovery of IgE in 1967 by Johansen and the Ishizakas as the tissue-sensitizing factor related to acute allergic reactions (Holgate, 1999; Galli and Tsai, 2012)
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