Abstract
Sixty-six (66) Staphylococcus bacterial isolates were withdrawn from separate clinical samples of hospitalized patients with various clinical infections. Conventional bacteriological tests identified the species of all isolates, and standard microbiological techniques differentiated them into CoPS or CoNS. Their biofilm development was followed by an analysis via the MTP (microtiter tissue culture plates) technique, and we then investigated the presence/absence of icaA and icaB, which were qualified in the top-30 potent biofilm-forming isolates. Thirteen isolates (46.7%) showed the presence of one gene, six (20%) isolates exhibited the two genes, while ten (33.3%) had neither of them. The formation of staphylococci biofilms in the absence of ica genes may be related to the presence of other biofilm formation ica-independent mechanisms. CoPS was the most abundant species among the total population. S. aureus was the sole representative of CoPS, while S. epidermidis was the most abundant form of CoNS. Antibiotic resistance was developing against the most frequently used antimicrobial drugs, while vancomycin was the least-resisted drug. The totality of the strong and medium-strength film-forming isolates represented the majority proportion (80%) of the total investigated clinical samples. The biochemical pattern CoPS is associated with antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation and can be an alarming indicator of potential antibiotic resistance.
Highlights
The Gram-positive staphylococci are the leading cause of device-related infections (DRIs)
All the samples were inoculated into blood agar (BA) and MacConkey agar (MA), and the isolates were identified as coagulase-positive Staphylococci (CoPS) or coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) using standard microbiological techniques, including biochemical, slide and tube coagulase tests [9]
The information indicates that CoPS, represented by Staphylococcus aureus, was isolated from 46 patients accounting for about 70% of the total, i.e., the majority
Summary
The Gram-positive staphylococci are the leading cause of device-related infections (DRIs). Staphylococcus aureus is the focus of most clinical concerns since its infections are commonly more severe and aggressive than those caused by other Staphylococci spp. due to its vast and diverse arsenal of aggressive toxins and virulence factors. To S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, a less aggressive skin commensal, has drawn attention as a frequent cause of biofilm-associated infection from medical devices and associated complications, including bloodstream infections [1]. The species of Staphylococci were distinguished into two groups based on their ability to coagulate blood: coagulase-positive Staphylococci (CoPS), where Staphylococcus aureus is the most important, and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), which comprises the majority of other species, including S. epidermidis. The species S. aureus is a dangerous human pathogen, causing opportunistic infections and severe life-threatening diseases, such as severe sepsis, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome and endocarditis. Some pathogenic strains of S. aureus are resistant to the antibiotic methicillin (methicillinresistant S. aureus (MRSA)), engendering a critical issue in hospitals [2]
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