Abstract
AimTo examine the human exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate, and their associations with oral pain (OP) in the general population from the U.S.MethodsA total of 13,554 participants were enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate were measured using ion chromatography coupled with an electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The multivariable linear and logistic regressions were performed to explore the associations of the urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate, with the prevalence of oral pain. Restricted cubic splines were used to explore the non-linearity.ResultsThere are 3,129 OP cases. There was a higher urinary level of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate in OP. We found that urinary thiocyanate was positively associated with OP (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06; [1, 1.13]; p = 0.049). Restricted cubic spines revealed that urinary thiocyanate was in a U-shape association with OP.ConclusionsUrinary thiocyanate was in a U-shape association with OP, suggesting that we should keep the exposure of thiocyanate under a reasonable range.
Highlights
Chronic oral diseases consist of dental caries and periodontal disease, which affect more than 3,500,000,000 individuals [1]
We explored the association between the urinary levels of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate and the Oral pain (OP) among the general population
The urinary thiocyanate was positively associated with the risk of OP across the three models (Model 1: OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.21–1.32, p = 0.001; Model 2: OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1–1.12, p = 0.046; and Model 3: OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1–1.13, p = 0.049)
Summary
Chronic oral diseases consist of dental caries and periodontal disease, which affect more than 3,500,000,000 individuals [1]. It eventually led to higher treatment costs for the government, health insurance companies, and individuals [2]. Perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate are thyroid-disrupting chemicals [3]. Milk and certain plants may be the main intake source of perchlorate for humans [4]. Thiocyanate is a metabolite of cyanide in tobacco, affecting human saliva and oral mucosa [6]. Studies have shown that dairy milk, meats, and groundwater could be the main source of these chemicals [7, 8]. Accumulating evidence has suggested that perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate could affect thyroid function [9] and liver function [10], and can be related to obesity [11], and cancers [12]. The association between perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate exposure and the OP in the general population is not yet clear
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