Abstract
In this paper, we discuss a technical issue occurring in electric traction. Tram traction may use DC voltage; this is obtained by rectifying AC voltage supplied by the power grid. In the simplest design— one which is commonly used—only diode uncontrolled rectifiers are used. The rectified voltage is not smooth; it always contains a pulsating (AC) component. The amount of pulsation varies. It depends, among other factors, on the design of the transformer-rectifier set. In the 12-pulse system, we use a three-winding transformer, consisting of one primary winding and two secondary windings: one is delta-connected and the other is star-connected. The unbalance of secondary windings is an extra factor increasing the pulsation of DC voltage. To equalize secondary side voltages, a tap changer may be used. The setting of the tap changer is the question resolved in this paper; it is optimized by application of the ACO (ant colony optimization algorithm). We have analyzed different supply voltage variants, and in particular, distorted voltage containing 5th and 7th harmonics. The results of ant colony optimization application are described in this paper.
Highlights
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; This paper is an extended version of our paper published in proceedings of the 24th International
One problem is improving the “quality” of the output voltage of the rectifier transformer used in supply of DC tram traction lines; the other problem is equalizing
A2 marks a phase current in one secondary winding and r2 marks rectifiers connected in parallel; Ia2 marks a phase current in one secondary winding and Ir2 total marks total output loadCurrent current the same winding. sake)
Summary
Engineering nowadays often requires the numerical optimization of many and diverse problems. We find lots of procedures based on swarm intelligence They are inspired by the behaviour of a large population of individuals belonging to one species. Computers 2019, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW patterns such as communication, task allotment, decision making, the localization of HQ, choice of of action, the others (receivers of thisthe information) in the of search areas partners,course mating, and propagation have been source ofconcentrate inspiration for regions population algorithms. Extensive banks list of other algorithms inspiredsystem by animals swarm) intelligence may the location ofAn capacitor in the distribution [8],(including the optimized placing of charging be found, e.g., in [6]. One problem is improving the “quality” of the output voltage of the rectifier transformer used in supply of DC tram traction lines; the other problem is equalizing
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