Abstract
A field experiment was conducted with soybean to observe evapotranspiration (ET) and crop water stress index (CWSI) with three watering levels at Keszthely, Hungary, during the growing seasons 2017–2020. The three different watering levels were rainfed, unlimited, and water stress in flowering. Traditional and converted evapotranspirometers documented water stress levels in two soybean varieties (Sinara, Sigalia), with differing water demands. ET totals with no significant differences between varieties varied from 291.9 to 694.9 mm in dry, and from 205.5 to 615.6 mm in wet seasons. Theoretical CWSI, CWSIt was computed using the method of Jackson. One of the seasons, the wet 2020 had to be excluded from the CWSIt analysis because of uncertain canopy temperature, Tc data. Seasonal mean CWSIt and Tc were inversely related to water use efficiency. An unsupervised Kohonen self-organizing map (K-SOM) was developed to predict the CWSI, CWSIp based on easily accessible meteorological variables and Tc. In the prediction, the CWSIp of three watering levels and two varieties covered a wide range of index values. The results suggest that CWSIp modelling with the minimum amount of input data provided opportunity for reliable CWSIp predictions in every water treatment (R2 = 0.935–0.953; RMSE = 0.033–0.068 mm, MAE = 0.026–0.158, NSE = 0.336–0.901, SI = 0.095–0.182) that could be useful in water stress management of soybean. However, highly variable weather conditions in the mild continental climate of Hungary might limit the potential of CWSI application. The results in the study suggest that a less than 450 mm seasonal precipitation caused yield reduction. Therefore, a 100–160 mm additional water use could be recommended during the dry growing seasons of the country. The 150 year-long local meteorological data indicated that 6 growing seasons out of 10 are short of precipitation in rainfed soybean.
Highlights
Water stress seems likely to occur more often in the near future, leading to a real challenge for global food supply [1]
The meteorological elements completed with Tc data provided a basis in crop water stress index (CWSI) estimation
Tc -based CWSIt is limited to certain “ideal” weather conditions such as calm and clearsky solar radiation [56], the humid season of 2020 was excluded from the analysis
Summary
Water stress seems likely to occur more often in the near future, leading to a real challenge for global food supply [1]. Water stress in deficit irrigation treatments resulted in lower soybean yield as compared to a fully irrigated one [2]. Reports have shown that during flowering and pod filling stages soybean plants were extremely sensitive to drought [3] causing flower fall, a reduced number of pods and decreased seed size. Water stress imposed at the reproductive stage of soybean increased the biomass partitioning to stems and roots, while partitioning to leaves and seed was drastically reduced on the area of the Mississippi State University [4]. The reduced available water resulted in stomata closure that arrested photosynthesis, adversely influencing different physiological and biochemical processes in soybean [5]. Selecting new varieties with high grain yield but low water use
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