Abstract
Background and aims: Antidepressant agents such as imipramine are clinically used to control and treat different types of pain, especially neuropathic pain. Studies have shown the antidepressant-like activity of folic acid (FA). This study aimed to investigate the potential antinociceptive effects of FA using formalin and acetic acid tests in male mice. Methods: Sixty male albino mice (20-30 g) were randomly divided into 10 groups (n=6 in each group) of negative control, positive control (morphine or indomethacin), and FA (10, 15, and 30 mg/kg) groups. In the formalin test, duration of paw licking and biting the right hind paw during acute (0-5 minutes) and chronic (15-60 minutes) pain after intraplantar injection of formalin 2.5% (25 µL) was recorded. In the writhing test, the abdominal constrictions were recorded after the intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid 1%. Results: Only a high dose (30 mg/kg) of FA significantly reduced acute pain (P=0.001) compared with the control group. But all doses of FA significantly decreased chronic pain (P=0.001). In addition, morphine significantly reduced both phases of pain (P=0.020 and P=0.001, respectively). Moreover, indomethacin and all doses of FA decreased the number of abdominal constrictions induced by acetic acid (P=0.001). Conclusion: Compared with acute (neurogenic) pain, FA more potently decreases chronic (inflammatory) pain. Furthermore, FA decreases the parietal pain that could potentially represent antinociceptive effect. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanism of FA’s analgesic activity.
Highlights
Pain is a common and uncomfortable complication of many disorders such as tumors, surgical procedures, physical trauma, and dangerous chemical stimulations [1]
Studies have identified that various neurotransmitters such as opioids, glutamate (GLU), substance P (SP), serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA), histamine (His), nerve growth factor (NGF), adenosine and adenosine phosphate, and nitric oxide (NO), as well as capsaicin and vanilloid receptors are involved in pain pathophysiology [3,4,5,6,7,8]
Taking into account the possible increase in the levels of some neurotransmitters (e.g. 5HT and NA) after folic acid (FA) treatment and the antinociceptive potential of antidepressants and since there has not yet been any report on the antinociceptive effects of FA, the present study aimed to investigate the antinociceptive effects of FA using formalin and acetic acid tests in male mice
Summary
Pain is a common and uncomfortable complication of many disorders such as tumors, surgical procedures, physical trauma, and dangerous chemical stimulations [1]. Different drugs are used to alleviate pain including opioid analgesics (such as morphine) and non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin. Antidepressant agents such as imipramine are clinically used to control and treat different types of pain, especially neuropathic pain. This study aimed to investigate the potential antinociceptive effects of FA using formalin and acetic acid tests in male mice. Results: Only a high dose (30 mg/kg) of FA significantly reduced acute pain (P = 0.001) compared with the control group. All doses of FA significantly decreased chronic pain (P = 0.001). Indomethacin and all doses of FA decreased the number of abdominal constrictions induced by acetic acid (P = 0.001).
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