Abstract
Elizabethkingia anophelis 12012‐2 PRCM was isolated from a patient with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and lower respiratory tract infection in China. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) analysis demonstrated that it was resistant to 20 antibiotics including trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin, which were effective for the elimination of other Elizabethkingia infections. To investigate multidrug resistance and pathogenicity mechanisms, we analyzed genome features of 12012‐2 PRCM and compared them to the other Elizabethkingia species. The draft genome size was 4.02 Mb with a GC content of 32%, comparable to that of other E. anophelis strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that E. anophelis 12012‐2 PRCM formed a sister group with E. anophelis 502, distinct from clades formed by other clinical and environmental E. anophelis isolates. E. anophelis 12012‐2 PRCM contained multiple copies of β‐lactamase genes as well as genes predicted to function in antimicrobial efflux. It also contained 92 genes that were potentially involved in virulence, disease, and defense, and were associated with resistance and pathogenicity. Comparative genomic analysis showed high homology among three clinical and two environmental E. anophelis strains having a variety of similar antibiotic resistance and virulence factor genes, and similar genomic structure. Applications of this analysis will contribute to understanding the antibiotic resistance and pathogenic mechanisms of E. anophelis infections, which will assist in the management of infections as it increases in prevalence.
Highlights
Elizabethkingia anopheles (E. anophelis) is an aerobic, nonmotile, gram‐negative, rod‐shaped bacterium (Kampfer et al, 2011)
Routine phenotypic and biochemical tests often fail to distinguish them from other bacte‐ ria; E. anophelis has been frequently misdiagnosed as E. meningoseptica with automated microbial identification systems (Kampfer et al, 2011; Lau et al, 2016, 2015; Nicholson et al, 2016; Teo et al, 2013)
Our knowledge of the antibiotic resistance spectra and the resistance mechanisms remain limited in E. anophelis because it is a relatively newly discovered bacterium
Summary
Elizabethkingia anopheles (E. anophelis) is an aerobic, nonmotile, gram‐negative, rod‐shaped bacterium (Kampfer et al, 2011) It is an emerging, opportunistic, nosocomial pathogen (Frank et al, 2013; Lau et al, 2016, 2015; Teo et al, 2013). Our E. anophelis strain, 12012‐2 PRCM, was isolated from a patient with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) (Hu, Jiang, Zhang et al, 2017). This isolate was not susceptible to any se‐ lected antibiotics, demonstrating it was a multidrug‐resistant strain. Our results contribute to the management of Elizabethkingia infec‐ tion and the better understanding the pathogenicity of E. anophelis
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