The Amphoteric and Hydrophilic Properties of Cartilage Surface in Mammalian Joints: Interfacial Tension and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies.

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In this paper, we explain the amphoteric character of the cartilage surface by studying a lipid bilayer model built from phospholipids. We examined the interfacial tension values and molecular dynamics simulation in solutions of varying pH. The effects of negative and positive charge density (or fixed charges) on the (cartilage/cartilage) friction coefficient were investigated. In physiological (or synovial) fluid, after the isoelectric point (pI), the curve of interfacial tension decreases rapidly as it reaches pH 7.4 and then approaches a constant value at higher pH. It was shown that the curve of the interfacial tension curve exhibits a maximum value at the isoelectric point with a Gaussian shape feature. The phospholipid bilayers facilitate an almost frictionless contact in the joint. Moreover, the slippage of the bilayer and the short-range repulsion between the surfaces of the negatively charged cartilage surfaces are the main determinants of the low frictional properties of the joint.