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Abstract
The research was conducted with the aim of examining the alkaloids content of twelve poppies (Papaver somniferum L.) cultivars registered in Turkey by correlation and path analysis of relationships among alkaloids with capsule yield. The field experiments were set up according to a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017-18 and 2018-19 under the semi-arid ecological conditions of Isparta, Turkey. The differences among the capsule yields and alkaloid contents of poppy varieties were statistically significant (P≤0.01) in both periods, and the capsule yields were determined to be between 253.4-556.2 kg ha-1 in the first year and 332.7-659.2 kg ha-1 in the second year. The morphine, codeine, oripavine, thebaine, papaverine, and noscapine contents of poppy cultivars varied between 0.46-1.84%, 0.08-0.30%, 0.009-0.057%, 0.031-0.093%, 0.002-0.047% and 0.017-0.094%, respectively. According to correlation analysis, the relationships between the morphine content with codeine (r=0.415*), oripavine (r=0.362*), and papaverine (r=0.624**) were significant and positive while noscapine (r=0.164ns) and thebaine (r=0.043ns) were insignificant and positive. In the path coefficient analysis, papaverine (p=0.631, 67.75%) had the highest direct effect on morphine content followed by thebaine, orpavine, and noscapine, respectively. Noscapine had the highest indirect positive effect on morphine content via papaverine while thebaine had negative and high indirect effects via papaverine. In the study, varieties that could be recommended for the semi-arid ecological conditions of Turkey were the TMO-1 and TMO-3 varieties due to higher capsule yields and the Ofis-1 variety due to the high alkaloid content.
Highlights
The poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), belonging to the family Papaveraceae, is a valuable alkaloid plant
The research was conducted with the aim of examining the alkaloids content of twelve poppies (Papaver somniferum L.) cultivars registered in Turkey by correlation and path analysis of relationships among alkaloids with capsule yield
The highest capsule yields were obtained from the TMO-2, TMO-3, Ofis-3, Ofis-8, Ofis-95, Ofis-96, and Huseyinbey cultivars, while the lowest capsule yield was determined in the NP, Ofis NM, and Ofis-1 cultivars (Table 2)
Summary
The poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), belonging to the family Papaveraceae, is a valuable alkaloid plant. There are 36 species (58 taxa of which 15 are endemic) of poppies in Anatolia, and the Papaver somniferum L. species has traditionally been cultivated for thousands of years. Turkey is the world’s important country in legal poppy cultivation and morphine supplier. Turkey has about 50% of the legal poppy planting area and supplies about 25% of legal morphine production. There are 15 poppy cultivars in the national varieties list of Turkey (SRCC, 2020). In Turkey, the poppy is cultivated over an area of 68 000 hectares with an annual production of 27 300 tons (TUIK, 2020), and the main cultivation regions are central Anatolia, the inner Aegean, and the western gateway zone. There are approximately 70000 registered poppy producers in 13 provinces of these regions
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