Abstract
Air guns are effective transducers of impulsive low‐frequency underwater sound. They are commonly arrayed to be the sound source in marine geophysical seismic exploration systems. Individual guns from these arrays radiate up to 180 kJ per shot in about a 5‐Hz frequency band centered at about 10 Hz. The bandwidth and fundamental frequency can both be increased by increasing the detonation depth. It is necessary to modify the seismic air guns, however, if their radiated energy is to be as large at frequencies above about 50 Hz as it is at lower frequencies. Three different air guns are described, each one having good acoustical efficiency over the range of fundamental frequencies extending from 10 to 120 Hz. A summary for each air gun describes its power requirements, and its fundamental frequency and energy source level as functions of depth. It is observed that air guns that make cylindrical bubbles operate at higher fundamental frequencies than do air guns that make spherical bubbles having the same bubble energy.
Published Version
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