Abstract
Youth-onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) represents a major burden worldwide. In the last decades, the prevalence of T2DM became higher than that of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), helped by the increasing rate of childhood obesity. The highest prevalence rates of youth-onset T2DM are recorded in China (520 cases/100,000) and in the United States (212 cases/100,000), and the numbers are still increasing. T2DM young people present a strong hereditary component, often unmasked by social and environmental risk factors. These patients are affected by multiple coexisting risk factors, including obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hypertension, and inflammation. Juvenile T2DM nephropathy occurs earlier in life compared to T1DM-related nephropathy in children or T2DM-related nephropathy in adult. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is T2DM major long term microvascular complication. This review summarizes the main mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the DKD in young population and the recent evolution of treatment, in order to reduce the risk of DKD progression.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease of both adults and children, and it is associated with long-term complications and high rates of mortality [1,2]
Multiple genetic and environmental factors found in variable combinations in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) individual patients [5]
From 1095 unique identified studies identified (1158 including duplicates), we find 82 additional records through personal research and citation searching
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease of both adults and children, and it is associated with long-term complications and high rates of mortality [1,2]. Its prevalence has been increasing, especially in young patients [3]. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), historically known as juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes, is the most predominant type of DM in children and adolescents, being caused by insufficient pancreatic insulin production [4]. Multiple genetic and environmental factors found in variable combinations in T1DM individual patients [5]
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