Abstract
Simple SummaryHuman-caused climate change is proceeding rapidly and providing challenges to wildlife species, especially those adapted to colder temperatures. We investigated the cortisol response of polar bears to increasing ambient temperatures to improve our knowledge of the physiology of this Arctic species with the goal of informing management in zoos and in the wild. In adult polar bears temperatures above 20 °C were associated with an increase in the hormone cortisol to accommodate increased thermoregulatory demands. This temperature threshold was surprisingly high for an Arctic-adapted species. Zoos can provide sufficient housing options to prevent overheating in polar bears exposed to warmer temperatures but our results are concerning for wild polar bears. The number of days reaching 20 °C in the Arctic has increased significantly over the past 30 years and the associated increase in thermoregulatory costs add to the physiological burden many wild polar bears are already facing with the loss of sea ice hunting opportunities. We recommend that the management of polar bears in the wild and under human care be adapted to reflect the increased cortisol concentrations associated with thermoregulatory challenges in warmer temperatures.Our objective was to identify the upper ambient temperature threshold that triggers an increase in cortisol in response to increased thermoregulatory demands in polar bears. The results reported here include endocrine data collected over two years from 25 polar bears housed in 11 accredited zoological institutions across North America. The effects of ambient temperature, sex, age group (juvenile, adult, elderly), breeding season and humidity on fecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) concentrations (N = 8439 samples) were evaluated using linear mixed models. Ambient temperatures were placed into five different categories: <5 °C, 6–10 °C, 11–15 °C, 16–20 °C, and >20 °C. Ambient temperature and humidity had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on FCM concentrations with significant (p < 0.05) interactions of sex, age and breeding season. Once biotic factors were accounted for, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in FCM concentrations associated with ambient temperatures above 20 °C in adult polar bears. The implications of these findings for the management of both zoo and wild polar bears are discussed.
Highlights
There are two crises facing wild species and wild spaces in the 21st century
Predictive and reactive homeostasis is the range of glucocorticoid concentrations that would comprise the normal reactive scope for an individual; above these concentrations the animal would be in homeostatic overload, which is not compatible with long-term health because the elevation of glucocorticoids itself causes physiological disruption
Our results indicate that there may be increased cortisol production in adult polar bears associated with thermoregulatory costs at ambient temperatures above
Summary
The. United Nations Global Biodiversity Assessment shows alarming decline in nature with up to one million species currently facing the threat of extinction, more than at any other time in human history [1]. The United Nations Emissions Gap Report 2021 shows that new national climate pledges combined with other mitigation measures put the world on track for a global temperature rise of 2.7 ◦ C by the end of the century [2]. This would lead to catastrophic changes in the Earth’s climate and to potentially catastrophic impacts on wild species and their habitats. Perhaps to mitigate, to what extent these various pressures will affect the ability of individuals, species and ecosystems to survive in the long term is dependent on our understanding of their physiological processes for living in and adapting to changing environments
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