Abstract
The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD) is an X-ray imager, custom designed for the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL). It is a fast, low-noise integrating detector, with an adaptive gain amplifier per pixel. This has an equivalent noise of less than 1 keV when detecting single photons and, when switched into another gain state, a dynamic range of more than 104 photons of 12 keV. In burst mode the system is able to store 352 images while running at up to 6.5 MHz, which is compatible with the 4.5 MHz frame rate at the European XFEL. The AGIPD system was installed and commissioned in August 2017, and successfully used for the first experiments at the Single Particles, Clusters and Biomolecules (SPB) experimental station at the European XFEL since September 2017. This paper describes the principal components and performance parameters of the system.
Highlights
With the start of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL), a new milestone is set in the field of X-ray research and many related fields due to the high coherence, pulse intensity and repetition rate of the X-ray pulses available at this facility
The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD) is an X-ray imager, custom designed for the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL)
Each pulse contains up to 1012 photons (Altarelli, 2011), which in many cases is sufficient to produce a complete scattering pattern from the sample with a single pulse. This means that the area detectors at the European XFEL have to be compatible with the high repetition rate of the source and need to have a dynamic range from single photons to 104 photons pixelÀ1 pulseÀ1
Summary
With the start of the European XFEL, a new milestone is set in the field of X-ray research and many related fields due to the high coherence, pulse intensity and repetition rate of the X-ray pulses available at this facility. Consecutive pulses of typically less than 100 fs duration are spaced approximately 220 ns apart This corresponds to an effective repetition rate of 4.5 MHz during a train. Each pulse contains up to 1012 photons (Altarelli, 2011), which in many cases is sufficient to produce a complete scattering pattern from the sample with a single pulse This means that the area detectors at the European XFEL have to be compatible with the high repetition rate of the source and need to have a dynamic range from single photons to 104 photons pixelÀ1 pulseÀ1. FELs are using other custom-developed camera systems like the CSPAD (Philipp et al, 2011) and ePIX wing) as well as a vacuum backplane board, which acts as a detectors (Blaj et al, 2016) at LCLS or the JUNGFRAU vacuum barrier and routes signals into and out of the vacuum detector (Redford et al, 2016) at the SwissFEL
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