Abstract
This study was retrospectively designed to evaluate the influence of healthy lifestyle behaviors on the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) during a 5-year follow-up period in middle-aged and older males. The subjects included 252 males without a history of cardiovascular disease, stroke, renal dysfunction and/or dialysis treatment who were not taking any medications. Their lifestyle behaviors were evaluated using a standardized self-administered questionnaire and defined as follows: (1) habitual moderate exercise, (2) daily physical activity, (3) fast walking speed, (4) slow eating speed, (5) no late-night dinner, (6) no bedtime snacking and (7) no skipping breakfast. The participants were divided into four categories, which were classified into quartile distributions according to the number of healthy lifestyle behaviors (7-6, 5, 4 and ≤3 groups). After 5 years, the incidence of CKD [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) and/or proteinuria] was observed in 23 subjects (9.1%). The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the cumulative incidence of CKD significantly decreased according to an increase in the number of healthy lifestyle behaviors (log-rank test: p = 0.003). According to a multivariate analysis, habitual moderate exercise [hazard ratio (HR) 0.20, 95% confidence of interval (CI) 0.06-0.69, p = 0.011] and no bedtime snacking (HR 0.19, 95 % CI 0.08-0.48, p = 0.004) were significantly associated with the incidence of CKD. These results suggest that the accumulation of healthy lifestyle behaviors, especially those related to habitual moderate exercise and no bedtime snacking, is considered to be important to reduce the risk of CKD.
Highlights
The number of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Japan is continuously increasing [1]
Aim This study was retrospectively designed to evaluate the influence of healthy lifestyle behaviors on the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) during a 5-year follow-up period in middle-aged and older males
According to a multivariate analysis, habitual moderate exercise [hazard ratio (HR) 0.20, 95 % confidence of interval (CI) 0.06–0.69, p = 0.011] and no bedtime snacking (HR 0.19, 95 % CI 0.08–0.48, p = 0.004) were significantly associated with the incidence of CKD. These results suggest that the accumulation of healthy lifestyle behaviors, especially those related to habitual moderate exercise and no bedtime snacking, is considered to be important to reduce the risk of CKD
Summary
The number of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Japan is continuously increasing [1]. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been associated with the development of ESRD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) [2, 3]. The risk factors for CKD are reported to be aging, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome [4,5,6]. Diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, the incidence of CKD is closely. Lifestyle modifications in the early stages of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome are considered to be necessary for preventing the development of CKD. The association between the adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors and preventing the onset of CKD has not yet been studied
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