Abstract
BackgroundThis study was designed to evaluate whether changes in lifestyle behaviors are correlated with the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD).MethodsThe subjects consisted of 316 men without a history of cardiovascular disease, stroke, or renal dysfunction or dialysis treatment. The following lifestyle behaviors were evaluated using a standardized self-administered questionnaire: habitual moderate exercise, daily physical activity, walking speed, eating speed, late-night dinner, bedtime snacking, skipping breakfast, and drinking and smoking habits. The subjects were divided into four categories according to the change in each lifestyle behavior from baseline to the end of follow-up (healthy–healthy, unhealthy–healthy, healthy–unhealthy and unhealthy–unhealthy).ResultsA multivariate analysis showed that, with respect to habitual moderate exercise and late-night dinner, maintaining an unhealthy lifestyle resulted in a significantly higher odds ratio (OR) for the incidence of CKD than maintaining a lifestyle (OR 8.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–15.40 for habitual moderate exercise and OR 4.00; 95% CI, 1.38–11.57 for late-night dinner). In addition, with respect to bedtime snacking, the change from a healthy to an unhealthy lifestyle and maintaining an unhealthy lifestyle resulted in significantly higher OR for incidence of CKD than maintaining a healthy lifestyle (OR 4.44; 95% CI, 1.05–13.93 for healthy–unhealthy group and OR 11.02; 95% CI, 2.83–26.69 for unhealthy–unhealthy group).ConclusionsThe results of the present study suggest that the lack of habitual moderate exercise, late-night dinner, and bedtime snacking may increase the risk of CKD.
Highlights
The number of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Japan is continuously increasing.[1]
Our results demonstrated that the lack of habitual moderate exercise, eating late-night dinner, and bedtime snacking may increase the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), as well as the risk of introduction of dialysis in middle-aged and older men
On the basis of recent several studies, it has been observed that the development of CKD is closely related to unhealthy lifestyles behaviors, such as smoking, heavy alcohol intake, obesity, lack of exercise habit, and an unhealthy eating styles.7e12 our results suggest a clear link between maintaining a healthy lifestyle or improving an unhealthy one and the development of CKD and support the hypothesis that maintaining a healthy lifestyle or improving an unhealthy one helps to prevent the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and ESRD
Summary
The number of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Japan is continuously increasing.[1]. This study was designed to evaluate whether changes in lifestyle behaviors are correlated with the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The following lifestyle behaviors were evaluated using a standardized self-administered questionnaire: habitual moderate exercise, daily physical activity, walking speed, eating speed, late-night dinner, bedtime snacking, skipping breakfast, and drinking and smoking habits. With respect to bedtime snacking, the change from a healthy to an unhealthy lifestyle and maintaining an unhealthy lifestyle resulted in significantly higher OR for incidence of CKD than maintaining a healthy lifestyle (OR 4.44; 95% CI, 1.05e13.93 for healthyeunhealthy group and OR 11.02; 95% CI, 2.83e26.69 for unhealthyeunhealthy group). Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that the lack of habitual moderate exercise, latenight dinner, and bedtime snacking may increase the risk of CKD
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