The Abundances of Light Neutron‐Capture Elements in Planetary Nebulae. I. Photoionization Modeling and Ionization Corrections

Abstract

We have conducted a large-scale survey of 120 planetary nebulae (PNe) to search for the near-infrared emission lines [Kr III] 2.199 μm and [Se IV] 2.287 μm. The neutron (n)-capture elements Se and Kr may be enriched in a PN if its progenitor star experienced s-process nucleosynthesis and third dredge-up. In order to determine Se and Kr abundances, we have added these elements to the atomic databases of the photoionization codes Cloudy and XSTAR, which we use to derive ionization correction factors (ICFs) to account for the abundances of unobserved Se and Kr ions. However, much of the atomic data governing the ionization balance of these two elements are unknown, and have been approximated from general principles. We find that uncertainties in the atomic data can lead to errors approaching 0.3 dex in the derived Se abundances and up to 0.2-0.25 dex for Kr. To reduce the uncertainties in the Kr ionization balance stemming from the approximate atomic data, we have modeled 10 bright PNe in our sample, selected because they exhibit emission lines from multiple Kr ions in their optical and near-infrared spectra. We have empirically adjusted the uncertain Kr atomic data until the observed line intensities of the various Kr ions are adequately reproduced by our models. Using the adjusted Kr atomic data, we have computed a grid of models over a wide range of physical parameters (central star temperature, nebular density, and ionization parameter) and derived formulae that can be used to compute Se and Kr ICFs. In the second paper of this series, we will apply these ICFs to our full sample of 120 PNe, which comprises the first large-scale survey of n-capture elements in PNe.