Abstract
BackgroundAlternatively activated macrophages (AAMϕ) play important roles in allergies and responses to parasitic infections. However, whether signaling through toll-like receptors (TLRs) plays any role in AAMϕ induction when young Fasciola hepatica penetrates the liver capsule and migrates through the liver tissue is still unclear.ResultsThe data show that the lack of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) has no effect on the AAMϕ derived from the bone marrow (BMMϕ) in vitro and does not impair the mRNA expression of arginase-1, resistin-like molecule (RELMα), and Ym1 in BMMϕs. The Th2 cytokine production bias in splenocytes was not significantly altered in F. hepatica-infected mice in the absence of MyD88 in vitro and in the pleural cavity lavage in vivo. In addition, MyD88-deficiency has no effect on the arginase production of the F. hepatica elicited macrophages (Fe Mϕs), production of RELMα and Ym1 proteins and mRNA expression of Ym1 and RELMα of macrophages in the peritoneal cavity 6 weeks post F. hepatica infection.ConclusionsThe absence of MyD88 has no effect on presence of AAMϕ 6 weeks post F. hepatica infection.
Highlights
Activated macrophages (AAMj) play important roles in allergies and responses to parasitic infections
Lacking of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) has no impact on the presence of AAMF derived from bone marrow To determine whether MyD88 signaling is required for AAMF induction, investigations were made to determine whether BMMj, cultured from both wild type (WT) and MyD88 knockout mice, could be activated through this approach
Arginase-1 and iNOS enzyme activity were measured (Figure 1). The results show both WT and MyD88-/- BMMj cells displayed arginase activity in response to IL-4 compared with the cells without IL-4 stimulation even though no statistically significant differences were found between groups (Figure 1A)
Summary
Activated macrophages (AAMj) play important roles in allergies and responses to parasitic infections. IL-4/IL-13 signaling are essential to the presence of AAMF and both cytokines have many overlapping activities on macrophages, they exhibit distinct functions because of their specific receptor subunits aside from their shared common alpha chain [4]. This does not alter the metabolism [22]. The functions of AAMF in helminth infections have not been fully illustrated Questions such as whether AAMF promotes helminth killing or expulsion, whether alternative activation requires anti-worm effector function, or whether signaling TLRs play a role in AAMF induction, have not been fully answered
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