Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a key regulator of bone density. Recently, we have shown that TGF-β1 effectively blocks bone morphogenetic protein-induced maturation of human osteoblasts (hOBs) in a histone deacetylase (HDAC)-dependent manner. To better understand the underlying mechanisms and to identify possible therapeutic targets, the current study aimed at characterizing the expression changes of different HDACs in hOBs following recombinant human TGF-β1 treatment and investigating the effect of the altered HDACs on both the proliferation and maturation of hOBs and osteogenic cell lines. As expected from our previous work, exposure to rhTGF-β1 induced the expression of HDACs (HDAC1, -2, -3, -6). However, to our surprise, rhTGF-β1 treatment strongly suppressed the expression of HDAC9 during osteogenic differentiation. HDAC9 is reported to suppress osteoclastogenesis; however, little is known about the role of HDAC9 in osteogenesis. Chemical inhibition of HDAC9 with TMP269 increased cell numbers of hOBs, but significantly decreased their osteogenic function (alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization). In osteogenic cell lines (MG-63, CAL-72 and SAOS-2), the expression of HDAC9 negatively correlates with their proliferation capacity and positively correlates with their osteogenic differentiation potential. Being able to boost osteoclasts while inhibiting osteoblasts makes HDAC9 an interesting therapeutic target to support fracture healing and bone metabolisms.
Highlights
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is the most abundant cytokine in bone matrix, affecting both bone cell growth and differentiation [1]
We have recently shown that continuous exposure to human recombinant transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) inhibits bone morphogenetic protein-dependent maturation of primary human osteoblasts in a histone deacetylase (HDAC)-dependent manner [16]
In order to investigate how rhTGF-β1 affects osteoblast maturation, the current study aimed at determining the expression profile of different HDAC isoforms in human osteoblasts (hOBs) during osteogenic differentiation in the presence or absence of rhTGF-β1, and investigating the effect of the altered HDACs on both the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hOBs and osteogenic cell lines
Summary
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is the most abundant cytokine in bone matrix, affecting both bone cell growth and differentiation [1]. The activated TGF-β acts as a chemoattractant for osteoblast progenitor cells, which promotes the migration and proliferation of these cells [1]. Animal models revealing both positive [3,4,5] and negative [6,7,8] effects of TGF-β1 on bone strength have been reported. In order to investigate how rhTGF-β1 affects osteoblast maturation, the current study aimed at determining the expression profile of different HDAC isoforms in hOBs during osteogenic differentiation in the presence or absence of rhTGF-β1, and investigating the effect of the altered HDACs on both the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hOBs and osteogenic cell lines
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