Abstract
The integration of conductive materials in textiles is key for detecting temperature in the wearer´s environment. When integrating sensors into textiles, properties such as their flexibility, handle, and stretch must stay unaffected by the functionalization. Conductive materials are difficult to integrate into textiles, since wires are stiff, and coatings show low adhesion. This work shows that various substrates such as cotton, cellulose, polymeric, carbon, and optical fiber-based textiles are used as support materials for temperature sensors. Suitable measurement principles for use in textiles are based on resistance changes, optical interferences (fiber Bragg grating), or thermoelectric effects. This review deals with developments in the construction of temperature sensors and the production of thermocouples for use in textiles. The operating principle of thermocouples is based on temperature gradients building up between a heated and a cold junction of two conductors, which is converted to a voltage output signal. This work also summarizes integration methods for thermocouples and other temperature-sensing techniques as well as the manufacture of conductive materials in textiles. In addition, textile thermocouples are emphasized as suitable and indispensable elements in sensor concepts for smart textiles.
Highlights
Extreme exposure of the human body to high temperature can cause severe effects such as heat illness
Avoiding heat illness is important in sports and the mining industry [2,3], which can be achieved by monitoring the temperature of the human body by textile sensors [4,5,6,7,8]
Coefficient (PTC), Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC), Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD), and fiber Bragg grating (FGB). These strategies determine the shape of temperature sensors, which are manufactured by weaving, lithography, adsorption, screen printing, embroidery, knitting, and gluing, using conductive carbon paints and chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
Summary
Extreme exposure of the human body to high temperature can cause severe effects such as heat illness. Output voltage is related to the change in current flowed in a closed circuit between two dissimilar wires when two junctions are exposed to temperature [12]. This effect was described by Seebeck in 1826. (1): flowed in a closed circuit between two dissimilar wires when two junctions are exposed to voltage is generated between the different materials. Current flowed in a closed circuit between two dissimilar wires when two junctions are exposed to where α is the difference in the Seebeck coefficient of the two metal conductors, and ∆T is. A thermocouple pair generates a voltage when two junctions are set at different temperatures (Figure 2). Be stated as: Textile thermocouples detect changes in temperature and consist of an indispensable conductive textile matrix with a textile character
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