Abstract
Simple SummaryAlthough there are many described species and ample geographical distribution data available on planthoppers (Fulgoridae) in China, the research on the underlying mechanisms of macro-scale richness patterns is still scant. To contribute to unraveling these mechanisms, we tested seven hypotheses related to contemporary environments and historical climate stability by relating the species richness to 15 environmental variables. The historical climate stability, ambient energy, and productivity hypotheses are superior to other hypotheses in explaining the current richness patterns of planthoppers. Based on these main hypotheses, we narrowed the mechanisms underlying contemporary planthopper distribution in China. Furthermore, other factors not included in this study (i.e., orogenic processes and geological isolation) may significantly contribute to richness patterns identified here.Although many hypotheses have been proposed to understand the mechanisms underlying large-scale richness patterns, the environmental determinants are still poorly understood, particularly in insects. Here, we tested the relative contributions of seven hypotheses previously proposed to explain planthopper richness patterns in China. The richness patterns were visualized at a 1° × 1° grid size, using 14,722 distribution records for 1335 planthoppers. We used ordinary least squares and spatial error simultaneous autoregressive models to examine the relationships between richness and single environmental variables and employed model averaging to assess the environmental variable relative roles. Species richness was unevenly distributed, with high species numbers occurring in the central and southern mountainous areas. The mean annual temperature change since the Last Glacial Maximum was the most important factor for richness patterns, followed by mean annual temperature and net primary productivity. Therefore, historical climate stability, ambient energy, and productivity hypotheses were supported strongly, but orogenic processes and geological isolation may also play a vital role.
Highlights
Species richness, the simplest biodiversity index, is unevenly distributed on the Earth’s surface [1,2,3]
We worked with 1335 planthopper species with
We worked with 1335 planthopper species with available distribution data belonging to 16 families
Summary
The simplest biodiversity index, is unevenly distributed on the Earth’s surface [1,2,3]. Identifying and understanding the factors and mechanisms responsible for the underlying spatial species richness variation have been major goals in biogeography and ecology since the 18th century [4,5,6,7]. This knowledge can provide valuable insights regarding biodiversity conservation in the context of global climate change [8,9,10]. It is difficult to obtain robust mechanistic frameworks based only on modern explanations [19] This is because species have evolved in the past in specific locations, and historical factors will inevitably affect the species richness distribution patterns [20]. Early biogeographers observed the influence of historical climate factor on species richness, and the historical climate stability hypothesis was established on this basis
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