Abstract
Since the 2000s, projects and studies have been multiplied for the development of ecotourism in Tunisian protected areas. Despite these efforts, the Tunisian case faces several failures. As part of this study, we aim to provide elements of reflection on a contractual scheme for a sustainable territorial development plan by ecotourism, around mountain protected areas in Tunisia. For this reason, we adopted the strategic prospective analysis revealing and analyzing the relationships between the different actors involved in ecotourism in the protected area. A Matrix of Alliances, Conflicts, Tactics and Objectives among MACTOR actors was developed in a participatory way to analyze the actors' strategies. After doing a triangular analysis which consists in to an inventory of the projects and studies about the protected area of Ichkeul and Cape Negro-Jbel Chitana, semi-structured interviews with personals from different sectors, we invited the actors met on the field or mentioned in the projects in a workshop organized in partnership with the General Directorate of Forests in Tunis in order to identify the different categories of actors and analyze the balance of power between them. This analysis is done through a matrix notation system. Eight categories of actors have been identified: international cooperation, resource managers, politic policy etc. Thanks to the matrix notation systems, we have been able in a participative way to classify these eight categories of actors into four types: dominant actors, relay actors, autonomous actors and dominated actors. Thus, the MACTOR method allowed us to identify actors who played a role in the development of ecotourism projects in Tunisia and to be able to diagnose their balance of power. This allowed showing the multidisciplinarity and complexity of the sector as well as the strong influence of certain actors such as international cooperation and public decision-makers. To conclude, the MACTOR analysis of the ecotourism actors in the protected area of Ichkeul and Cap Negro-Jbel Chitana enters into a methodology of prospective territorial analysis in this area to understand the points that caused the failure of several experiments.
Highlights
The forest and rural areas of the southern Mediterranean shore are the places most affected by economic marginalization following an imbalance in development between the regions (Gardin, 2004)
2.2 Stakeholder Analysis The methodology chosen for this research consists of a Mactor "actorial" diagnosis, which begins with the identification of the stakeholders or actors involved in ecotourism activity in the selected protected areas, their classification by group and an analysis of their games and their power relations (Amelot et al, 2009)
The Mactor was chosen because this work is part of a set of a participatory systemic analysis adopted by Michel Godet which consists in analyzing the sets of actors as well as analyzing the indicators of the ecotourism sector in Tunisia
Summary
The forest and rural areas of the southern Mediterranean shore are the places most affected by economic marginalization following an imbalance in development between the regions (Gardin, 2004). The appropriation by the state of these spaces can be one of the causes that hinder its development. Tunisian forestry regime, inspired by a French policy based on state and administrative authority (described as a police officer by Morin, 2010), was established in 1881 with the creation of a forestry administration. The forests previously belonging to the Husseinite dynasty, only customary exploitation was carried out there by local residents; production and logging were established in 1883 by the French forestry administration. There was no private forest ownership and these areas remain a public commodity under the state and managed by forest agents. After independence in 1959, forest legislation was introduced under the pillars of nature conservation and forest areas at the expense of social development in these areas
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