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Abstract
The paper criticizes current conceptual frameworks focused on the evaluation of the performance of electoral systems. It offers a new tool allowing researchers to measure the size of the deviation of electoral outcomes from theoretical expectations. The index d = log[NS/(MS)1/6] is built on the Seat Product Model (Taagepera 2007b) and captures the deviations of electoral outcomes from predictions solely on the basis of two institutional factors – average district magnitude (M) and size of assembly (S). The theoretical background of index d is explained, and its reliability is further supported by conventional econometric methods based on empirical data.
Highlights
The paper criticizes current conceptual frameworks focused on the evaluation of the performance of electoral systems
Political science is certainly rich in partial conclusions about impacts of electoral rules; their ambivalence leads to scepticism about whether any manipulation with electoral systems can deliver a noticeable change (e.g. Bowler and Donovan 2013; Farrell 2010)
We argue that such scepticism is a result of insufficient attention paid to the systematic development of theoretical expectations of various electoral arrangements
Summary
Volebné štúdie vysvetľujúce efekty volebných systémov je možné zoskupiť do štyroch základných smerov. Prvý – inštitucionálny – je zameraný na inštitucionálne nastavenie volebných systémov a z toho plynúce mechanické a psychologické efekty na hlasovanie (Duverger 1954), ktoré boli bohato rozpracované v prácach ďalších autorov (Rae 1967, 1995; Sartori 1986; Cox 1997). Druha vetva hľadí na volebné systémy optikou politickej sociológie a tvrdí, že za fragmentáciu volebných systémov je primárne zodpovedná etnická a spoločenská heterogenita (Grumm 1958; Lipson 1959; Clark a Golder 2006; Lowery et al 2010). Konfliktných línií, ktoré pre-determinujú výsledné štiepenie volebných výstupov (Riker 1982; Lijphart 1984, 2012; Taagepera a Grofman 1985; Stoll 2011). Štvrtá a posledná vetva volebných štúdií sa sústredí výhradne na vplyv tematickej diverzity (issue diversity) politickej súťaže. 1. Inštitucionálny prístup je zameraný na prvky v ľavej časti schémy – volebné systémy a to ako ich mechanika vplýva na distribúciu kresiel. Tým väčšia je závislosť medzi znázornenými prvkami
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