Abstract

Early in life, from fly to human, primitive tissues are sculpted into complex organs and organisms in a process called morphogenesis. These shape changes begin at the cell level with forces generated by the contractile cellular machinery. Mechanical coupling of cells allows for these forces to be propagated throughout a tissue and induce tissue shape changes. This article describes common, well-studied morphogenetic transformations at the cell and tissue level and explores how cells both generate and respond to forces during morphogenesis.

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