Tendencias recientes en las políticas científicas de ciencia abierta y acceso abierto en Iberoamérica

Abstract

The general purpose of the report seeks to reconstruct and analyze the state of open access, open research data and open science in research and scientific policies in Ibero-America, and to investigate its impact on the evaluation of research trajectories, scientific publications and impact indicators. With this, CLACSO and The Carolina Foundation seek to contribute from the development of local and situated knowledge to the treatment and possible resolution of the great challenges posed by the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda. It is an exploratory and descriptive study, inscribed in the tradition of the qualitative approach. The data collection strategies include the survey of secondary data such as documents, declarations, regulations and updated bibliography on the subject at the international and regional level, together with the elaboration of qualitative primary data constructed from a questionnaire distributed among regional referents in the thematic and representatives of National Science and Technology Organizations (ONCyT). In total, the research was able to access updated information from 9 countries in the Ibero- American region: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Spain, Mexico, and Peru. While the contributions of other nations served as a backdrop to frame general guidelines of open access policy and open science. Some of the main results of the study reveal that both internationally and regionally, open access is a long-term movement, promoted since the mid-1990s; while open science as an idea-force has taken precedence since the beginning of the new century and is in the saga of alternatives that improve the processes of individual and collaborative research, their communication and reproducibility in order to accelerate the production and use of new knowledge in the society. In the pronouncements on the subject from Latin America and the Caribbean, the approach of knowledge as a public good and open access managed by the academic community as a common, nonprofit asset stands out. Added to the above are the proposals for reviewing evaluation policies based on incentives to publish with an impact factor, as they affect the local autonomy of the agendas, while discouraging good open access practices and processes of research in interaction with society. On the other hand, universities and National Science and Technology Organizations institutional repositories are the privileged instrument for policies and legislation to sustain and expand open access policy in the region. Of the cases surveyed, Spain (2011), Peru (2013), Argentina (2013) and Mexico (2014) have favored a legislative route for the regulation of the policy of open access to publications, as well as to scientific data. In Peru and Argentina, open access to research data is required by national law, while in Mexico and Spain the regulations adopt a voluntary nature when expressed as a recommendation. One of the prevailing current trends, driven by international and regional organizations, is the expansion of open science through the expansion of platforms in which researchers share data, publications, experiments and equipment. Finally, policy instruments of some of the National Science and Technology Organizations (ONCyT) can be grouped into three types of open science interactions: those related to open access to publications and open research data, others related to research open processes and, finally, those that are linked to citizen science and science communication. In the dark scenario of the Covid-19 pandemic, crossed by the emergence of old and new forms of inequality and multiple socioeconomic regressions, the report recommends more than ever investment in public science and the commitment to openness and collaboration from the perspective of the principles and practices of open science to face, in a medium and long term, the regional epidemiological situation and other socioenvironmental problems and at the same time, restore and expand the bridges between science and citizens. Key Words: open access; open research data; open science; research evaluation; research policy; Iberoamerica