Abstract
The deep sea is a major sink for debris; however, temporal changes and underlying mechanisms of litter accumulation on the seafloor remain unclear. Photographic surveys at the long-term ecological research (LTER) observatory HAUSGARTEN, in the eastern Fram Strait, have enabled the assessment of spatial and temporal variability of seafloor litter in the Arctic. Previous studies of time-series data (2002–2014) reported an increase in litter quantities from the northernmost and central stations. Here, we extended the analysis by three years until 2017 and included data from the southernmost station. A total of 16,157 images covering 60.5 km2 were analyzed and combined with previous studies, to determine litter density, type and size compositions. Moreover, the interaction of litter with epibenthic megafauna was evaluated. Indicators of local maritime traffic, fisheries activity and summer sea ice extent were examined as potential drivers. The mean annual litter density ranged between 813 ± 525 (SEM) and 6,717 ± 2,044 (SEM) items km–2. Litter density clearly increased over time, and the northernmost station experienced the strongest increase. Plastics dominated at two of the stations whereas the northern station harbored mainly glass. Small-sized items accounted for 63%. Interaction with epibenthic fauna was frequent, especially with sessile organisms. Litter densities correlated with fishing and tourism vessel abundance, but no correlation was found with summer sea ice extent. This 15-year record of marine litter shows that even secluded Arctic ecosystems become increasingly subject to plastic pollution and that it will likely continue in the face of growing global plastic production rates and ineffective waste management policies.
Highlights
Marine litter is a global problem whose lasting effects are unlikely to vanish since the leakage of debris into the oceans will likely continue to increase
While N3 experiences the greatest sea ice coverage as it is located close to the marginal ice zone (MIZ), HG-IV is only subject to temporary ice coverage and S3 is ice-free in most years and characterized primarily by Atlantic water masses (Taylor et al, 2017)
C. gelida suffered from entanglement at N3, at S3 most litter got entangled in C. arcticus
Summary
Marine litter is a global problem whose lasting effects are unlikely to vanish since the leakage of debris into the oceans will likely continue to increase. Plastic accounts for ∼73% of marine debris globally (Bergmann et al, 2017b), and it has been estimated that every year ∼8 million tons of plastic waste enter the oceans from land (Jambeck et al, 2015), approximately two of Marine Litter at HAUSGARTEN Observatory correlations with maritime activities, fishing effort in the region, and summer sea ice extent. The global input from sea-based sources is currently unknown but may be substantial given local estimates of 46 and 99% in the. Plastic debris has spread to all ocean compartments, including coastlines, sea ice, surface waters, the water column, seafloor, and biota (Law, 2017). While the main sources of litter have been identified (waste production on land, leakage from landfills, littering behavior, discharges from vessels and offshore platforms, derelict fishing gear) (Ryan, 2015) its ultimate fate in the ocean remains unclear
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