Abstract
Similar to the rainfall depth, duration and intensity, the temporal pattern is also an important characteristic of rainstorm events. Studies have shown that temporal patterns will influence runoff modelling, flash flood warning thresholds as well as urban and infrastructure flood inundation simulations. In this study, a time series clustering method using dynamic time warping (DTW) as similarity measurement criteria is proposed to analyze rainfall temporal patterns. Compared with the existing approaches, it can better reflect the real rainfall processes. Based on this novel method, five representative temporal patterns were extracted from 13,299 rainstorm events during the flood season in China. Through the analysis of their statistical characteristics, the disaster-causing risks of each temporal pattern were compared. Furthermore, we found that for rainstorm events whose durations are less than 24 h, the rainfall is mainly concentrated in 3 to 6 h, which proposes higher requirements for the design of flood control and drainage projects compared with those using average intensities of 12 or 24 h as design standards. Finally, through regional analysis, we found that the rainfall depth, intensity and peak value are affected by the macroclimate. However, the temporal patterns are not strongly related to the macroclimate but are more likely to be affected by the local climate and topography, which needs further studies at smaller scales.
Highlights
Intense local rainstorm events are deemed to be the primary triggering factor of flash flooding and urban flood inundation [1,2]
A total of 13,299 rainstorm events from 99 hydrological and precipitation stations were analyzed using time series clustering to explore the temporal patterns of local rainstorm events during the flood using time series clustering to explore the temporal patterns of local rainstorm events during the season in China
The events in the same group were clustered according to the similarity criteria, and the representative the events in the same group were clustered according to the similarity criteria, and the representative temporal patterns were extracted from each cluster
Summary
Intense local rainstorm events are deemed to be the primary triggering factor of flash flooding and urban flood inundation [1,2]. When describing the characteristics of rainstorm events, the rainfall depth, duration and intensity are generally adopted; a commonly overlooked element is the temporal pattern. The main features of flood and inundation events are generally controlled by rainfall intensity and duration, the processes of events are still closely related to the temporal patterns of rainstorms, which has already been illustrated by current studies. The main concerns of the previous literature have focused on the influence of rainstorm temporal patterns on flood runoff modelling and analysis [4,5,6,7], flash flood warnings [8,9,10,11,12] and urban and infrastructure flood inundation simulation [2,13,14].
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