Abstract
Purpose: Very high or low temperatures will lead to bone damage. The objective of this review was to analyze threshold values for thermal bone necrosis. Methods: Histological animal studies evaluating thermal effects on bone necrosis were selected via electronic and hand searches in English and German language journals until 1 November 2019. The outcome measures were temperature-exposure intervals and laser settings effecting bone damage. Furthermore, investigated parameters were the bone-to-implant contact ratios (BIC) and infrabony pockets around dental implants after thermal treatment. For quality assessment of studies, the CAMARADES study quality checklist was applied. Results: A total of 455 animals in 25 animal studies were included for data extraction after screening of 45 titles from 957 selected titles of the MEDLINE (PubMed), The Cochrane Library, Embase and Web of Science search. The threshold values for bone necrosis ranged between 47 °C and 55 °C for 1 min. A threshold value for cryoinsult and laser treatment has not yet been defined. However, temperatures in the vicinity of 3.5 °C produce a histologically proven effect on the bone and in the surrounding tissue. At 50 °C for 1 min, BIC values significantly decreased and infrabony pockets increased. Bone quality had an influence on the outcome, as cancellous bone suffered higher bone damage from thermal treatment compared to cortical bone. Conclusion: No clear threshold value for bone necrosis is available according to the current literature for warm and cold stimuli. More in-depth and clinical studies are required to provide further insights in assessing the potential of thermal necrosis for implant removal.
Highlights
The exposure of bone to high temperatures will lead to bone damage and necrosis [1]
Bone quality had an influence on the outcome, as cancellous bone suffered higher bone damage from thermal treatment compared to cortical bone
No clear threshold value for bone necrosis is available according to the current literature for warm and cold stimuli
Summary
The exposure of bone to high temperatures will lead to bone damage and necrosis [1]. heat, and targeted cooling affects the bone structure and vital cells in the surrounding tissue [2,3].A single cold stimulus at −10 ◦ C inevitably leads to surrounding skin and bone necrosis. [2,3]. The exposure of bone to high temperatures will lead to bone damage and necrosis [1]. Targeted cooling affects the bone structure and vital cells in the surrounding tissue [2,3]. Bone remodeling is a continuous process in which old bone tissue is broken down by osteoclasts and re-formed by osteoblasts at the same or a different site [4]. This physiological repair mechanism is effective in the event of thermal damage to the bone.
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