Abstract
Previous research has shown that propolis has immunomodulatory activity. Extracts from two UK propolis samples were assessed for their anti-inflammatory activities by investigating their ability to alter the production of the cytokines: tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-10 from mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages co-stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The propolis extracts suppressed the secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 with less effect on TNFα. In addition, propolis reduced the levels of nitric oxide formed by LPS-stimulated macrophages. Metabolomic profiling was carried out by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) on a ZIC-pHILIC column. LPS increased the levels of intermediates involved in nitric oxide biosynthesis; propolis lowered many of these. In addition, LPS produced an increase in itaconate and citrate, and propolis treatment increased itaconate still further while greatly reducing citrate levels. Moreover, LPS treatment increased levels of glutathione (GSH) and intermediates in its biosynthesis, while propolis treatment boosted these still further. In addition, propolis treatment greatly increased levels of uridine diphosphate (UDP)–sugar conjugates. Overall, the results showed that propolis extracts exert an anti-inflammatory effect by the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and by the metabolic reprogramming of LPS activity in macrophages.
Highlights
Propolis is collected by bees from plants surrounding the beehive and mixed with bee saliva and with bees wax
Treatment with LPS elevated the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-α (TFN-α), and IL-6 in macrophages (Figures 2–4), whereas the propolis samples clearly lowered
Propolis treatment lowers the production of IL-10, which is considered to be an anti-inflammatory cytokine (Figure 5)
Summary
Propolis is collected by bees from plants surrounding the beehive and mixed with bee saliva and with bees wax. West Africa, propolis is usually collected from many different plant sources [1,2]. We studied several types of propolis for their effects on the metabolic response of THP-1 cells to treatment with. Metabolites 2020, 10, 413 lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and for one sample from Cameroon, which inhibited cytokine release, we studied the metabolomics of the immune response and found a clear effect of the propolis in inhibiting purine nucleotide phosphorylase [8]. In this paper, we study the effects of two propolis samples collected in the UK on the metabolic response of primary mouse macrophages challenged with LPS
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