Abstract
The importance of constructing wide-area sensor networks for holistic environmental state evaluation has been demonstrated. A general structure of such a network has been presented with distinction of three segments: local (based on ZigBee, Ethernet and ModBus techniques), core (base on cellular technologies) and the storage/application. The implementation of these techniques requires knowledge of their technical limitations and electromagnetic compatibility issues. The former refer to ZigBee performance degradation in multi-hop transmission, whereas the latter are associated with the common electromagnetic spectrum sharing with other existing technologies or with undesired radiated emissions generated by the radio modules of the sensor network. In many cases, it is also necessary to provide a measurement station with autonomous energy source, such as solar. As stems from measurements of the energetic efficiency of these sources, one should apply them with care and perform detailed power budget since their real performance may turn out to be far from expected. This, in turn, may negatively affect—in particular—the operation of chemical sensors implemented in the network as they often require additional heating.
Highlights
The intention behind this article is to provide readers with practical guide, derived from the authors’ own experience in this field, regarding some vital aspect on the sensor, telecom and IT parts, which—merged together—can make a successfully operating wide-area sensor network for environmental monitoring and modeling of threats.In 1999, the Business Week [1] published 21 ideas that were believed to carry the greatest prospective potential in 21st century
The Edge Intelligence” (EI) term means that prior to passing messages that arrive from the wireless sensor networks (WSN) side towards the Internet Protocol (IP) or cellular cloud, the gateway device will perform some computations concluded by decisions whether or not the information should be carried forward, discarded or retained. The latter means that the gateway may decide to wait for more readings to flow in from other WSN sensors in order to either confirm the already received message or to perform their aggregation and send to the IP/cellular cloud only a summary report instead of conveying the entire traffic generated on the WSN side. Such a behavior is strongly recommended for the sake of saving the IP or cellular networks capacity from excess transmission of redundant sensor data
Since the core segment consists of equipment operating in licensed cellular bands, it is treated as a regular cell phone and is subjected to the same co-channel interference mechanisms
Summary
The intention behind this article is to provide readers with practical guide, derived from the authors’ own experience in this field, regarding some vital aspect on the sensor, telecom and IT parts, which—merged together—can make a successfully operating wide-area sensor network for environmental monitoring and modeling of threats. Capabilities offered by modern cellular technologies (e.g., LTE) that allow hundreds of megabits per This means that the choice of communication in module the coreconsisting segment of the following parts: the physical and chemical sensors connected in series, the FAM andnovelty the GPRS should be fitted to real required throughput and reliability (coverage) rather than the of modem. Out of the multiplicity of candidate solutions for effective creation of sensor networks is the ZigBee the latter are often deployed in highly populated areas for fast investment return and high revenue, standard based on IEEE 802.15.4 specification [14] It defines a low-cost, low-range, power-saving leaving “emptier” spaces uncovered. Other concentrator features on the higher TCP/IP layers (from the link layer upwards), including the software and the protocol, have been preserved
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