Abstract
This paper provides a review spanning different technologies used to implement near-field focused antennas at the microwave frequency band up to a few tens of GHz: arrays of microstrip patches and printed dipoles, arrays of dielectric resonator antennas, reflectarrays, transmitarrays, Fresnel zone plate lenses, leaky-wave antennas, and waveguide arrays.
Highlights
In the past, near-field focusing techniques based on lens antennas and reflectors have been extensively used at optical and mm-wave bands
This paper provides a review spanning different technologies used to implement near-field focused antennas at the microwave frequency band up to a few tens of GHz: arrays of microstrip patches and printed dipoles, arrays of dielectric resonator antennas, reflectarrays, transmitarrays, Fresnel zone plate lenses, leaky-wave antennas, and waveguide arrays
near-field focused (NFF) microwave antennas can be implemented by a number of different technologies and layouts, which can be seen as proper modifications of those that are conventionally used to design and realize far-field (FF) focused antennas
Summary
Near-field focusing techniques based on lens antennas and reflectors have been extensively used at optical and mm-wave bands. Over the last decades, several near-field focused (NFF) antennas have been designed and characterized for applications at lower frequencies. Technologies and layouts proposed for the implementation of NFF antennas, at the microwave frequency band up to a few tens of GHz, are revised. It is worth noting that the review is limited to those technologies suitable to implement NFF antennas for short-range wireless links at the microwave frequency band (up to a few tens of GHz) and does not include the optical devices, such as lenses, dielectrically loaded horns, and reflector mirrors, which are the most valuable technologies at mmwave frequencies and beyond. Attention has been mostly devoted to NFF antennas for which the antenna size, L, and the distance between the focal point and the radiation sources on the array/antenna aperture are both greater than the free-space wavelength λ
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