TECHNOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE REDUCTION OF ECOLOGICALLY HARMFUL EMISSIONS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY INTO THE ENVIRONMENT (review)

Abstract

The purpose. To study the influence of various factors on the emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds into the environment for the optimization of technological management and prospective planning of research in pig farming, as well as increasing the efficiency of the use of nutrients by pigs in their group housing. Methods. The material for the research was literature from the library of the Institute of Pig Breeding and AIP of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and scientific works of scientists from Google Academy, Pub med, base-search.net, core.ac.uk, ouci.dntb.gov.ua. The following research methods were used in the research process: general scientific (typology, classification, analysis and synthesis, abstract-logical) and interdisciplinary (structural-system approach), historical (problematic-chronological, descriptive, source and historical analysis and synthesis), with their help systematized scientific data on the technological management of reducing ecologically harmful emissions of animal husbandry into the environment. The results. Management strategies used in science and practice to improve the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus use in pig production are discussed, namely: genetic selection, castration, slaughter weight, precision feeding, and manure management systems. Since the diet significantly affects the possible losses of nitrogen and phosphorus, it must be taken into account when evaluating management strategies. The amount of nitrogen released depends on the amount of absorbed nitrogen, the amount of absorbed nitrogen, the balance of amino acids in the diet and the animal's need for nitrogen and amino acids. For group-housed animals, polyphasic feeding systems should be used, as daily polyphasic feeding tailored to the individual animal's amino acid and other nutrient needs is likely to be most effective. Specific amino acid intake should be balanced using the ideal protein concept. With better knowledge of the needs of individual animals and the commercial availability of certain amino acids, the total level of crude protein in the diet can be reduced within certain limits. However, further research is needed on the minimum level of crude protein that provides maximum performance. The correct use of feed additives and enzyme preparations in rations contributes to the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions. By combining optimal feeding and management, nitrogen assimilation efficiencies approaching 60% can be achieved in the near future. Prospective manure collection and processing systems contribute to an even greater reduction of environmental emissions. Conclusions. The use of effective management systems and precise feeding in pig farming contributes to the increase of assimilation of nitrogen and phosphorus from feed, respectively, to the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions to the environment. Key words: emissions, pigs, nitrogen, phosphorus, excretion, amino acids, genetic selection, castration, slaughter weight, animal age.