Technogenic deposits formed from dredged sediments deposition: toxic effects on earthworms

Abstract

Dredged sediments are often disposed on land areas and can cause adverse effects on soil biota, since these materials generally may contain toxic agents. This work examines the ecotoxicological effects on earthworms exposed to technogenic deposits formed from the deposition of dredged sediments from an urban tropical lagoon. Such evaluation supports the understanding of the ecological effects derived from dredged sediments in the tropics, as well as the influence of soil properties in the toxicity. To simulate dredged sediment disposal under tropical conditions, a dredged sediment sample from the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil) was mixed with a Gleysol (a typical organic tropical soil) to obtain the following doses: 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24%, where 0% = pure Gleysol. Acute and avoidance bioassays with Eisenia andrei were applied to these mixtures following standard protocols (ISO). Physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterization of the materials and metal determination in the test mixtures were performed to support the interpretations of ecotoxicological data. Metal concentrations in the test mixtures were generally in accordance with the limits defined by Brazilian law. Earthworm mortality was significant in doses ≥ 8% (LC50 = 7.1%), while doses ≥ 2% caused avoidance responses (EC50 = 1.7%, p < 0.05). The salinity in 8% treatment is similar to the salinity levels described by the literature that cause adverse effects on earthworms, suggesting that salinity played a key role in the toxicity. Earthworm biomass increased (p < 0.05) when the organisms were exposed to non-lethal doses, and this is probably due to water bioaccumulation related to high contents of salts. When comparing the toxicity found in this work with data obtained with other tropical soils, one could suppose that Gleysol mineralogy seems to control the bioavailability of salts and metals. The possible formation of technogenic soils (constructed soils) due to land deposition of dredged sediments may potentially compromise natural soil fauna. In this particular case, soil mineralogy, salinity, and metals played a relevant role in the toxicity to earthworms. The development of approaches that can integrate ecotoxicological, ecological, and pedological data is urgent for better understanding the damages associated with the disposal of dredged sediments in tropical lowlands areas.