Abstract
Wind power coupled to hydrogen (H2) production is an interesting strategy to reduce power curtailment and to provide clean fuel for decarbonizing agricultural activities. However, such implementation is challenging for several reasons, including uncertainties in wind power availability, seasonalities in agricultural fuel demand, capital-intensive gas storage systems, and high specific investment costs of small-scale electrolysers. To investigate whether on-site H2 production could be a feasible alternative to conventional diesel farming, a model was built for dynamic simulations of H2 production from wind power driven by the fuel demand of a cereal farm located on the island of Gotland, Sweden. Different cases and technological scenarios were considered to assess the effects of future developments, H2 end-use, as well as production scale on the levelised- and farmers’ equivalent annual costs. In a single-farm application, H2 production costs varied between 21.20–14.82 €/kg. By sharing a power-to-H2 facility among four different farms of 300-ha each, the specific investment costs could be significantly decreased, resulting in 28% lower H2 production costs than when facilities are not shared. By including delivery vans as additional H2 consumers in each farm, costs of H2 production decreased by 35% due to the higher production scale and more distributed demand. However, in all cases and technological scenarios assessed, projected diesel price in retailers was cheaper than H2. Nevertheless, revenues from leasing the land to wind power developers could make H2 a more attractive option even in single-farm applications as early as 2020. Without such revenues, H2 is more competitive than diesel where power-to-H2 plants are shared by at least two farms, if technological developments predicted for 2030 come true. Also, out of 20 different cases assessed, nine of them showed a carbon abatement cost lower than the current carbon tax in Sweden of 110 €/tCO2, which demonstrate the potential of power-to-H2 as an effective strategy to decarbonize agricultural systems.
Highlights
Renewable energy sources can be exploited in remote areas with limited interconnection such as islands and/or agricultural farmlands to increase energy independence and security
When the PtH2 plant is scaled-up to fulfill the H2 demand of four farms including one fuel cell minivans (FCMV) each, the fuel demand is double that seen in Figure 4 with the same demand profile
This study examined the potential costs of an optimized system designed predominately to replace diesel-powered agricultural machinery with that powered by hydrogen (H2) fuel cells
Summary
Renewable energy sources can be exploited in remote areas with limited interconnection such as islands and/or agricultural farmlands to increase energy independence and security. Due to its intermittency and uncertainty (especially for wind), high levels of variable renewable energy (VRE) are challenging to integrate into current energy systems, frequently resulting in a mismatch between supply and demand. Such imbalances cause fluctuations in grid voltage and frequency, as well as curtailment of power production, considerably increasing the overall costs of the system. For this reason, different energy storage technologies have been developed for several applications, in particular to avoid curtailment of power production, and to support stable operations of electric grids (Fischer et al, 2018b; Koohi-Fayegh and Rosen, 2020). As a clean and versatile energy carrier, H2 may have an important role in future low-carbon pathways, for instance, to produce gaseous (e.g., CH4 and NH3) and liquid fuels (e.g., methanol, gasoline, and dimethyl ether), heat or even directly used as fuel for mobility (Hanley et al, 2018)
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