Abstract
Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology can provide sustainable power for the growing global population in cities, but it demands considerable land area. This is a challenge for densely populated cities. However, the stranded assets of non-productive parking lots areas can be converted to solar farms with PV canopies, enabling sustainable electricity generation while preserving their function to park automobiles. This study provides a method for determining the technical and economic potential for converting a national scale retail company’s parking lot area to a solar farm. First, the parking lot area for the company is determined and divided into zones based upon solar flux using virtual maps. Then the potential PV yield in each zone is calculated. A sensitivity analysis is performed on the price per unit power installed, solar energy production as a proxy for conversion efficiency, electricity rates and revenue earned per unit area. To demonstrate this method, analysis of Walmart Supercenters, USA is presented as a case study. The results show solar canopies for parking lot areas are a profitable as well a responsible step in most locations and there is significant potential for sustainable energy deployment in cities by other similar retailers using solar PV canopies.
Highlights
The global demographic has shifted from rural to urban, as the majority of humanity choose to live in cities (Tacoli, et al, 2015; USDA, 2015)
The environmental damage caused by parking lots is well documented (Davis, et al, 2010; Wilson, 1995; Manville & Shoup, 2005) and excess parking lot areas can be viewed as irresponsible utilization of land resources
Walmart Supercenters were used as they have consistency in their parking lot area size, while normal Walmart retail stores showed a greater variation in parking lot size
Summary
The global demographic has shifted from rural to urban, as the majority of humanity choose to live in cities (Tacoli, et al, 2015; USDA, 2015). In the case of the United States, large portions of cities are occupied by expansive parking lot areas; with almost one third of the surface area of some major cities is made up of parking lots (Manville & Shoup, 2005; BenJoseph, 2012). The environmental damage caused by parking lots is well documented (Davis, et al, 2010; Wilson, 1995; Manville & Shoup, 2005) and excess parking lot areas can be viewed as irresponsible utilization of land resources
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