Targeting the terminase: An important step forward in the treatment and prophylaxis of human cytomegalovirus infections

Abstract

A key step in the replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the host cell is the generation and packaging of unit-length genomes into preformed capsids. Enzymes required for this process are so-called terminases, first described for double-stranded DNA bacteriophages. The HCMV terminase consists of the two subunits, the ATPase pUL56 and the nuclease pUL89, and a potential third component pUL51. The terminase subunits are essential for virus replication and are highly conserved throughout the Herpesviridae family. Together with the portal protein pUL104 they form a powerful biological nanomotor. It has been shown for tailed dsDNA bacteriophages that DNA translocation into preformed capsid needs an extraordinary amount of energy. The HCMV terminase subunit pUL56 provides the required ATP hydrolyzing activity. The necessary nuclease activity to cleave the concatemers into unit-length genomes is mediated by the terminase subunit pUL89. Whether this cleavage is mediated by site-specific duplex nicking has not been demonstrated, however, it is required for packaging. Binding to the portal is a prerequisite for DNA translocation. To date, it is a common view that during translocation the terminase moves along some domains of the DNA by a binding and release mechanism. These critical structures have proven to be outstanding targets for drugs to treat HCMV infections because corresponding structures do not exist in mammalian cells. Herein we examine the HCMV terminase as a target for drugs and review several inhibitors discovered by both lead-directed medicinal chemistry and by target-specific design. In addition to producing clinically active compounds the research also has furthered the understanding of the role and function of the terminase itself.