Target Detection and Characterization of Multi-Platform Remote Sensing Data

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Detecting targets in remote sensing imagery, particularly when identifying sparsely distributed materials, is crucial for applications such as defense, mineral exploration, agriculture, and environmental monitoring. The effectiveness of detection and the precision of the results are influenced by several factors, including sensor configurations, platform properties, interactions between targets and their background, and the spectral contrast of the targets. Environmental factors, such as atmospheric conditions, also play a significant role. Conventionally, target detection in remote sensing has relied on statistical methods that typically assume a linear process for image formation. However, to enhance detection performance, it is critical to account for the geometric and spectral variabilities across multiple imaging platforms. In this research, we conducted a comprehensive target detection experiment using a unique benchmark multi-platform hyperspectral dataset, where man-made targets were deployed on various surface backgrounds. Data were collected using a hand-held spectroradiometer, UAV-mounted hyperspectral sensors, and airborne platforms, all within a half-hour time window. Multi-spectral space-based sensors (i.e., Worldview and Landsat) also flew over the scene and collected data. The experiment took place on 23 July 2021, at the Rochester Institute of Technology’s Tait Preserve in Penfield, NY, USA. We validated the detection outcomes through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and spectral similarity metrics across various detection algorithms and imaging platforms. This multi-platform analysis provides critical insights into the challenges of hyperspectral target detection in complex, real-world landscapes, demonstrating the influence of platform variability on detection performance and the necessity for robust algorithmic approaches in multi-source data integration.