Abstract
Replacement of oaks (Quercus spp.) by other species after natural and humancaused disturbance is recognized as a common problem on average and productive sites in many parts of eastern North America. Oak seedlings are often numerous beneath mature stands, but seedlings are usually too small to compete effectively with tall saplings of other species. Reasons for the poor development of oak seedlings are not well understood. An experiment was designed to evaluate the impact of tall and low understorey vegetation on oak seedling development beneath mature stands on two sites in southwestern Wisconsin. Understorey stems taller than 1.5 m and scattered small canopy trees were removed on half of the main plots, with the other plots retained as controls (...)
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