Takeover Safety Analysis with Driver Monitoring Systems and Driver–Vehicle Interfaces in Highly Automated Vehicles

Dongyeon Yu,Chanho Park,Donggyu Kim,Hoseung Choi,Sung-Ho Hwang

doi:10.3390/app11156685

Dongyeon Yu, Chanho Park + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/app11156685

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Abstract

According to SAE J3016, autonomous driving can be divided into six levels, and partially automated driving is possible from level three up. A partially or highly automated vehicle can encounter situations involving total system failure. Here, we studied a strategy for safe takeover in such situations. A human-in-the-loop simulator, driver–vehicle interface, and driver monitoring system were developed, and takeover experiments were performed using various driving scenarios and realistic autonomous driving situations. The experiments allowed us to draw the following conclusions. The visual–auditory–haptic complex alarm effectively delivered warnings and had a clear correlation with the user’s subjective preferences. There were scenario types in which the system had to immediately enter minimum risk maneuvers or emergency maneuvers without requesting takeover. Lastly, the risk of accidents can be reduced by the driver monitoring system that prevents the driver from being completely immersed in non-driving-related tasks. We proposed a safe takeover strategy from these results, which provides meaningful guidance for the development of autonomous vehicles. Considering the subjective questionnaire evaluations of users, it is expected to improve the acceptance of autonomous vehicles and increase the adoption of autonomous vehicles.

Highlights

Autonomous cars are expected to become a new solution for safety, environmental, and traffic-related problems
According to the SAE J3016 standard, autonomous driving can be classified into six levels: Level 0 to Level 5; the classification criteria include the driving responsibilities of the driver and driving support function level of the system [3]
A respiration and ECG sensor was attached to the driver to analyze data patterns in the manual driving, autonomous driving, and takeover scenarios

Summary

Introduction

Autonomous cars are expected to become a new solution for safety, environmental, and traffic-related problems. Up to Level 2, the driver must always supervise vehicle control. At Level 3, the autonomous driving system can temporarily take over the control of the vehicle under certain conditions. At Level 3, the driver must be able to take control at any time while keeping an eye on the driving situation, and the autonomous driving system must determine whether the driver can start driving [4]. UNECE/WP., the international vehicle safety standard-setting organization (International Conference on Harmonization of Vehicle Standards), announced the world’s first binding international regulation on Level 3 autonomous driving, which is summarized below [5]:. DFMinSa)llayf,fewcetinpgrothpeosseafaettyakoefothveertrsatnrastietigoyn to promceasxsimbaizseedthoenstahfeeteyxpofertihme etanktaelorveesruoltfs.hFiginhalyllya,uwtoempartoepdovseehaitcalekse.over strategy to maximize the safety of the takeover of highly automated vehicles

Autonomous Vehicle Take over Simulation

Accident Rate of Scenario

Findings

Conclusions