Table-top Cathodoluminescence Microscopy for Geology

Abstract

<p>Cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy is a well-known technique for imaging geological specimens, in which the light that is generated with an energetic electron beam is collected and analyzed with a CL detector. CL provides a unique imaging contrast that can be used for visualizing growth zonation, distinguishing cement and granular detrital material, detecting trace elements, and characterizing fractures and deformation features in a large range of rocks, to name a few examples. In its simplest form CL imaging is performed with a static electron beam in an optical microscopy system (optical CL) but for more advanced experiments CL imaging is performed in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This enables high scan speeds, high spatial resolution (< 100 nm), and correlation with other SEM based techniques such as X-ray imaging (EDS), secondary electron (SE) and backscattered electron (BSE) imaging, and more.</p><p>Currently, SEM-based CL work is mostly performed on costly floor model SEMs that require large amounts of space, complex auxiliary support systems, and an experienced operator to run the machine. In contrast, compact, affordable, and user-friendly table-top SEMs have improved substantially in the last years but they typically lack (advanced) CL imaging capabilities. Here, we will present our progress in developing a table-top SEM based CL system that can be used for geological research amongst other applications.</p><p>In particular, we have integrated a CL collection and detection system in a Thermo Fisher Scientific/Phenom XL table-top microscope, which already is equipped with SE, BSE, and EDS imaging modalities. In this SEM, electron energies of 5 – 15 keV can be used which is appropriate for most CL imaging experiments. The CL is collected using a multimode fiber optic cable connected with a graded index lens to increase the numerical aperture of the collection. Subsequently, the light is send to a spectrometer where the CL emission spectrum can be measured for every excitation point on the sample; a technique known as hyperspectral CL  imaging. To synchronize electron beam scanning with data acquisition and for data analysis we have developed dedicated software control.</p><p>We assess the potential of table-top CL by imaging representative polished zircon and quartz samples for various beam and acquisition parameters. To benchmark the system performance we compare our experimental results with results obtained from a state-of-the-art floor model SEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific Quanta 650 SFEG) system equipped with a high-end Delmic SPARC CL system. In the future, these developments may lower the threshold for using CL imaging through cost reduction and workflow simplification, making it accessible to a larger range of users within the field of geology and beyond.</p>