Abstract
Syzygium aqueum is widely used in folk medicine. A polyphenol-rich extract from its leaves demonstrated a plethora of substantial pharmacological properties. The extract showed solid antioxidant properties in vitro and protected human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) against UVA damage. The extract also reduced the elevated levels of ALT, AST, total bilirubin (TB), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) in rats with acute CCl4 intoxication. In addition to reducing the high MDA level, the extract noticeably restored GSH and SOD to the normal control levels in liver tissue homogenates and counteracted the deleterious histopathologic changes in liver after CCl4 injection. Additionally, the extract exhibited promising anti-inflammatory activities in vitro where it inhibited LOX, COX-1, and COX-2 with a higher COX-2 selectivity than that of indomethacin and diclofenac and reduced the extent of lysis of erythrocytes upon incubation with hypotonic buffer solution. S. aqueum extract also markedly reduced leukocyte numbers with similar activities to diclofenac in rats challenged with carrageenan. Additionally, administration of the extract abolished writhes induced by acetic acid in mice and prolonged the response latency in hot plate test. Meanwhile, the identified polyphenolics from the extract showed a certain affinity for the active pockets of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) explaining the observed anti-inflammatory activities. Finally, 87 secondary metabolites (mostly phenolics) were tentatively identified in the extract based on LC-MS/MS analyses. Syzygium aqueum displays good protection against oxidative stress, free radicals, and could be a good candidate for treating oxidative stress related diseases.
Highlights
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are natural molecules in the body
Utilizing high resolution LC-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS/MS, 87 compounds were characterized in a methanol extract of S. aqueum leaves
We investigated the antioxidant capacity of the extract in human keratinocytes
Summary
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are natural molecules in the body. ROS are formed by the immune system and through mitochondrial oxidative metabolism (aerobic respiration).Environmental stress through drugs, bacterial invasion, heat, heavy metal ions, and exposure to radiation and UV can strongly enhance ROS production (Finkel and Holbrook, 2000).Reactive oxygen species and/or oxidative stress are able to cause damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are natural molecules in the body. ROS are formed by the immune system and through mitochondrial oxidative metabolism (aerobic respiration). Environmental stress through drugs, bacterial invasion, heat, heavy metal ions, and exposure to radiation and UV can strongly enhance ROS production (Finkel and Holbrook, 2000). Reactive oxygen species and/or oxidative stress are able to cause damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. At the DNA level, ROS can cause mutations of genes that can lead to malfunction of enzymes or regulatory proteins. ROS can be involved in the pathophysiology of several disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, inflammation, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease They act as a fundamental host defense compounds and mediators of intracellular signaling cascade
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