Abstract
Energies of the first 2+, 3− and 4+ states of even-even nuclei are plotted against proton and neutron number. Using this systematics, shell effects and the corresponding quadrupole and hexadecapole collectivity and deformation effects are compared and contrasted. Also, the correspondingB(E2),B(E3) andB(E4) values are plotted against neutron number and their very different systematics compared. Among the new results are the presence of hexadecapole collectivity at the 82 proton and neutron closed shells and the presence of the maximum values ofB(E4) at neutron numbers 10, 90–92 and 140–146. Finally, the systematics of the hexadecapole (K=4+) vibrations is compared with that of the quadrupole (K=2+) gamma vibrations in the quadrupole deformed rare earth region.
Published Version
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