Abstract
The growing penetration of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems requires a fundamental understanding of its impact at a system-level. Furthermore, distributed energy storage (DES) technologies, such as batteries, are attracting great interest owing to their ability to provide support to systems with large-scale renewable generation, such as PV. In this light, the system-level impacts of PV and DES are assessed from both operational and adequacy perspectives. Different control strategies for DES are proposed, namely: (1) centralised, to support system operation in the presence of increasing requirements on system ramping and frequency control; and (2) decentralised, to maximise the harnessing of solar energy from individual households while storing electricity generated by PV panels to provide system capacity on request. The operational impacts are assessed by deploying a multi-service unit commitment model with consideration of inertial constraints, dynamic reserve allocation, and interconnection flexibility, while the impacts on adequacy of supply are analysed by assessing the capacity credit of PV and DES through different metrics. The models developed are then applied to different future scenarios for the Great Britain power system, whereby an electricity demand increase due to electrification is also considered. The numerical results highlight the importance of interconnectors to provide flexibility. On the other hand, provision of reserves, as opposed to energy arbitrage, from DES that are integrated into system operation is seen as the most effective contribution to improve system performance, which in turn also decreases the role of interconnectors. DES can also contribute to providing system capacity, but to an extent that is limited by their individual and aggregated energy availability under different control strategies.
Highlights
The Paris Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions substantially in order to achieve the target of preventing global warming from being greater than 2 ◦ C [1]
The primary aims of this paper, which are its main novelty and contributions, are to: (i) analyse the system-level implications of high penetration levels of RES. In both operational and planning terms, while considering primary frequency response requirements and contributions taking into account inertial constraints; (ii) develop a dynamic reserve allocation method to improve system flexibility; (iii) investigate the flexibility contribution from interconnectors in support of system operation; (iv) assess the potential for distributed energy storage (DES) to support PV-rich system operation and enable PV generation to contribute to system adequacy; and (v) investigate the potential benefits from system-oriented DES operation in terms of energy and ancillary services provision beyond
With future extensive installation of communication infrastructures, system operators could be able to coordinate the operation of batteries to absorb renewable generation production and provide ancillary services, enabling them to contribute to system operation
Summary
The Paris Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions substantially in order to achieve the target of preventing global warming from being greater than 2 ◦ C [1]. The primary aims of this paper, which are its main novelty and contributions, are to: (i) analyse the system-level implications of high penetration levels of RES in both operational and planning terms, while considering primary frequency response requirements and contributions taking into account inertial constraints; (ii) develop a dynamic reserve allocation method to improve system flexibility; (iii) investigate the flexibility contribution from interconnectors in support of system operation; (iv) assess the potential for DES to support PV-rich system operation and enable PV generation to contribute to system adequacy; and (v) investigate the potential benefits from system-oriented DES operation in terms of energy and ancillary services provision beyond. Supplementary information is provided as an Appendix A at the end of the paper
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