Synthetic impedances using current conveyors and their variants

Abstract

This chapter discusses prominent contributions made over the last five decades on the evolution of gyrators, synthetic inductances and other related immittances using current conveyors (CCs) and their numerous variants developed over the years. The various circuits using the most basic forms of CCs, namely the first-generation CCs (CCI) and the second-generation CCs (CCII) have been elaborated first. This is then followed by the circuits employing an electronically controllable version of CCII called controlled second-generation current conveyor. Finally, numerous recent circuits based on different variants of CCs such as dual-output CCIIs, differential voltage CCs, third-generation CCs, differential difference CCs, inverting CCII, dual-X CCII and fully differential CCII and numerous combinations thereof have been dealt with. A number of applications of the various synthetic impedances have been elaborated.