Synthesis of Sn-containing anatase (TiO2) by sol-gel method and their performance in catalytic water splitting under visible light as a function of tin content

Abstract

Sol-gel route was employed to prepare a series of Sn-containing anatase with different molar (Ti/Sn) ratios ranging from 49 to 1. Samples were characterized by powder XRD, UV–vis, XPS, SEM, EDAX, low temperature N2 sorption technique and Raman Spectroscopy. Except anatase phase, no other crystalline phase was observed when Ti/Sn molar ratio was varied from 49 to 9 and for Sn free sample. However, further decrease in the ratio lead to the appearance of additional SnO2 phase whose peak intensities were increased with the increase in the tin content. Irrespective of tin content, all samples showed red-shift in UV–vis spectra. Moreover, samples showed Raman shift to higher vibration side from 143cm−1 to 147cm−1 indicating the doping of Sn2+ into TiO2. By virtue of low band gap, anatase crystallite size and an absence of XRD visible SnO2, ST (19) has shown maximum photocatalytic activity upon 1wt% Pt loading. It has exhibited the highest rate (0.1264mmole/g/h) for visible light induced hydrogen evolution by water splitting.