Abstract
Improving the utilization rate of environmentally friendly antifouling agents is highly important for reducing the economic costs of ship operations and protecting the marine environment. In this work, a new method for preparing a multistage controlled release material of an environmentally friendly antifouling agent, which first incorporates 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-cyano-4-bromo-5-trifluoromethyl pyrrole (Econea) into carboxyl-modified β-cyclodextrin (Econea@CMCD) followed by intercalation into Mg2Al layered double hydroxides (Mg2Al-Econea@CMCD-LDH), was reported. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the incorporation of Econea@CMCD into the galleries of Mg2Al-LDH. Release tests conducted in 3.5 % NaCl solution demonstrated an initial burst release, followed by a slower release rate of Econea (12.3 µg/cm2·d) compared to that of the pristine Econea coating, indicating favorable controlled release behavior. Adhesion experiments using diatoms and mussels showed that Mg2Al-Econea@CMCD-LDH effectively inhibited the adhesion of typical fouling organisms. Hence, this study presents a practical approach for constructing a controlled release system that involves intercalating neutral and insoluble antifouling agents into LDH interlayers, effectively reducing the waste of antifouling agents and extending the service life of antifouling coatings.
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