Abstract
For osteochondral damage, the pH value change of the damaged site will influence the repair efficacy of the patient. For better understanding the mechanism of the acid-base effect, the construction of in vitro model is undoubtedly a simple and interesting work to evaluate the influence. Here, a novel porous silica-based solid-acid catalyst material was prepared by additive manufacturing technology, exhibiting improved eliminating effects of the residue. SEM, FTIR, and TGA were used to characterize the morphology, structure, and thermal stability of the synthesized 3D material. The reaction between 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol and 3, 4-dihydro-2H-pyran was used as a template reaction to evaluate the eliminating performance of the 3D porous material. Solvents were optimized, and three reaction groups in the presence of 3D SiO2, 3D SiO2-SO3H, and 3D SiO2-NH-SO3H, as well as one without catalyst, were compared. In addition, in consideration of the complicated situation of the physiological environment in vivo, universality of the synthesized 3D SiO2-NH-SO3H catalyst material was studied with different alcohols. The results showed that the sulfonic acid-grafted 3D material had excellent catalytic performance, achieving a yield over 95% in only 20 min. Besides, the catalyst material can be recycled at least 10 times, with yields still higher than 90%. Such a solid catalyst material is expected to have great potential in additive manufacturing because the catalyst material is easy-recyclable, renewable and biocompatible. The 3D material with connective channels may also be utilized as an in vitro model for environment evaluation of osteochondral repair in the future.
Highlights
Many people suffer from various bone and cartilage damages such as arthritis
Compared with the white colour of the treated, blank 3D SiO2, the surface of 3D SiO2-NH-SO3H was light yellow with some black dots, which were used for catalysing the reaction
Grey parts existed on the smooth carrier surface, which could be a series of grafted molecules and sulfonic acid groups
Summary
Many people suffer from various bone and cartilage damages such as arthritis. The aim of this work is to establish an in vitro model to evaluate the effect of acidbase by preparing a novel porous silica-based solid-acid catalyst material using additive manufacturing technology which may exhibit improved eliminating effects. Many ways have been discovered to achieve alcohol protection Among these methods, ether-forming protection of hydroxyl groups (reaction of an alcohol with 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran) is considered the most popular and convenient solution (Kumar et al, 2014; Khder et al, 2018). Ether-forming protection of hydroxyl groups (reaction of an alcohol with 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran) is considered the most popular and convenient solution (Kumar et al, 2014; Khder et al, 2018) This is because, first, the protective agent is easier to prepare than other protective agents. Silica based inorganic/organic hybrids could promote collagen Type II, Sox and Aggrecan production from chondrocytes (Nelson et al, 2021) or have mechanically strong and elastic characteristics (Yu et al, 2021)
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