Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of nanoporous polytriphenylamine polymers (PPTPA) by a simple one-step oxidative polymerization pathway and the materials were sulfonated with chlorosulfonic acid to introduce acidic sulfonic groups to the polymers to form solid acid catalysts (SPPTPA). Magnetic properties were added to SPPTPA catalysts by depositing Fe3O4 nanoparticles to develop (FeSPPTPA) solid acid catalysts, for performing dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which is regarded as a sustainable source for liquid fuels and commodity chemicals. XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, TGA, and N2 sorption techniques were used to characterize synthesized materials. The FeSPPTPA80 nanocatalyst showed superior catalytic activities in comparison to other catalysts due to the nanorods that formed after sulfonation of the PPTPA polymeric material which gave the catalyst enough catalytic centers for dehydration reaction of fructose. The recyclability tests revealed that the magnetic solid acid catalysts could be reused for four consecutive catalytic runs, which made FeSPPTPA a potential nanocatalyst for production of HMF.
Highlights
Researchers are motivated by depleting fossil resources to focus on using renewable biomass feedstock for fuels and value-added chemicals production [1,2,3]. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural is a lignocellulosic biomass-derived promising platform molecule in various biorefinery systems which is widely used
Solid acid catalysts are advantageous above mineral acids since they are non-corrosive, non-toxic, eco-friendly, and diminish other environmental problems related to mineral acids
The results indicated HMF yield of 3.2% was formed when the reaction was conducted in the absence of a catalyst (Table 7, entry 1), suggesting that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) acted as both solvent and catalyst in the process of fructose dehydration [25]
Summary
Researchers are motivated by depleting fossil resources to focus on using renewable biomass feedstock for fuels and value-added chemicals production [1,2,3]. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural is a lignocellulosic biomass-derived promising platform molecule in various biorefinery systems which is widely used. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural is a lignocellulosic biomass-derived promising platform molecule in various biorefinery systems which is widely used It is a versatile, attractive molecule and a key intermediate of numerous industrially vital chemicals such as 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid, 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl) furan and 2,5-dimethylfuran, which are used for the production of polymers and biofuels [4,5,6,7]. The porous organic polymer-based solid acid catalysts possessing high stability and surface area, inexpensive and plentiful active protonic acidic sites on surfaces were used in carbohydrates dehydration [22], but the scope of adding magnetic properties to the catalysts have not been explored. Catalytic results have shown that the catalyst prepared at 80 ◦ C afforded higher catalytic activity in comparison to other catalysts prepared at different temperatures, for the conversion of fructose to HMF with 96.6% yield at 100 ◦ C after the reaction period of 20 min
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