Abstract
This study focuses on a feasibility study of alternative nonedible crude oil such as jatropha and used cooking oil in biodiesel production. Crude jatropha oil (CJO) and used cooking oil (UCO) were converted to biodiesel using a two-step transesterification process with presents of acid-based and alkaline-based catalysts. Each three biodiesel blends (B5, B15 and B25) have been produced by blended with conventional diesel fuel (CDF). Determination of the fuel properties for each blend including CDF, Jatropha Methyl Ester (JME) and Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester (UCOME) have been carried out. The average yield for jatropha and used cooking oil biodiesels production was 94.3% and 92% respectively. The increment of the percentage of JME or UCOME in its blends is proportional to fuels physical properties such as density, specific gravity, kinematic viscosity and surface tension, however inversely proportional to fuels calorific value. Based on the results of this study, it is acceptable to conclude that non-edible CJO and UCO are viable alternatives to edible oil as feedstock to renewable fuel in order to reduce the greenhouse gases produced.
Highlights
Fossil fuel has been the main source for energising almost all sectors including industrial, transportation and agricultural sectors
One of the choices of alternative fuels is biodiesel. It is known as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), is an alternative to fuel that is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and possess lower aromatic content which can be obtained from feedstock [4, 5]
Biodiesel is a group of ester-based oxygenated fuel produced from fatty acid triglycerides contained in animal fats, vegetable oils or waste vegetable oil, for instance, used cooking oil [6]
Summary
Fossil fuel has been the main source for energising almost all sectors including industrial, transportation and agricultural sectors. Biodiesel is a group of ester-based oxygenated fuel produced from fatty acid triglycerides contained in animal fats, vegetable oils or waste vegetable oil, for instance, used cooking oil [6]. Biodiesel purest form is named B100, and it can be blended with petroleum or diesel at a different percentage, denoted as biodiesel blend [8] It possesses higher density, viscosity and surface tension compared to conventional diesel fuel, that normally is used directly in an engine without modifications [9]. The yield or conversion rate of CJO from its seed is said to be about 30% to 40% by weight whereas its kernel could produce CJO around 45% to 60% [13] Another potential substitute to edible-vegetable-oil for biodiesel production is used cooking oil (UCO). JME ( known as jatropha biodiesel) and UCOME (named as UCO biodiesel) are produced by using alcohol and catalyst in transesterification process to convert triglycerides into fatty acid alkyl ester [16]. This research will be in depth on the approaches of producing these biodiesel using acid and alkaline catalysts, as well as focusing on the physical properties of the biodiesels to meet the biodiesel standard including its production cost [4, 6, 17, 18]
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