Abstract
This study is based on the principle that superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) can be used to target a specific area given that their magnetic properties emerge when an external magnetic field is applied. Cerium oxide (CeO2), which causes oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the environment of tumor cells, was synthesized on the surface of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to produce nanoparticles that selectively kill cancer cells. In addition, hyaluronic acid (HA) was coated on the cerium’s surface to target CD44-overexpressing tumor cells, and natZr was chelated on the Fe3O4@CeO2 surface to show the usefulness of labeling the radioisotope 89Zr (T1/2 = 3.3 d). The synthesis of Fe3O4@CeO2 was confirmed by Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission-Transmission Electron Microscope (FE-TEM). The coating of HA was confirmed by FT-IR, X-ray Photoelectron. Spectroscopy (XPS), FE-TEM, Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)/Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The sizes of the prepared nanoparticles were confirmed through FE-TEM and Field Emission-Scanning Electron (FE-SEM) (sizes of 15 to 30 nm), and it was confirmed that natZr was introduced onto the surface of the nanoparticles using EDS. The particle size of the dispersed material was limited through Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) to about 148 nm in aqueous solution, which was suitable for the (enhanced permeation and retention) EPR effect. It was confirmed that the HA-coated nanoparticles have good dispersibility. Finally, a cytotoxicity evaluation confirmed the ability of CeO2 to generate ROS and target the delivery of HA. In conclusion, Fe3O4@CeO2 can effectively inhibit cancer cells through the activity of cerium oxide in the body when synthesized in nano-sized superparamagnetic coral iron that has magnetic properties. Subsequently, by labeling the radioactive isotope 89Zr, it is possible to create a theranostic drug delivery system that can be used for cancer diagnosis.
Highlights
IntroductionDrug delivery systems are a new and rapidly developing science, wherein substances on the nanoscale are used as diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutics to specific target sites in a controlled manner [1,2,3]
In Fe3 O4 @CeO2 -APTES, the absorption band at 1038 cm−1 is caused by the stretching mode of Si–O–Si, and the broad absorption band at 1638 cm−1 and 1476 cm−1 relates to the deformation mode of -NH2 and -CH
In Fe3O4@CeO2-APTES, the absorption band at 1038 cm−1 is caused by the stretching mode of Si–O–Si, and the broad absorption band at 1638 cm−1 and 1476 cm−1 relates to the deformation mode of -NH2 and -CH
Summary
Drug delivery systems are a new and rapidly developing science, wherein substances on the nanoscale are used as diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutics to specific target sites in a controlled manner [1,2,3]. When large substances are used for drug delivery, problems arise, such as instability in the body, reduced bioavailability, reduced solubility, reduced absorption capacity, reduced target-specific delivery and the possibility of side effects [4,5]. Nanoscale materials have many theoretical advantages, including high loading capacity, specific targeting and sustained release control [6,7,8]. Intravenously administered nanoparticles of macromolecular anticancer agents tend to circulate for long periods of time, unless they are small enough to be excreted by the Micromachines 2021, 12, 1018.
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