Synthesis of copper nanoparticles as oxidising catalysts for multi-component reactions for synthesis of 1,3,4- thiadiazole derivatives at ambient temperature

Abstract

Multi-component reactions (MCRs) are some of the most significant processes of highly functionalised organic compound synthesis in modern synthetic chemistry. This is a strong artifice for the rapid preparation of diverse heterocyclic scaffolds. This study involves two steps: first, fabricating copper nanoparticles as active catalysts using Trifolium resupinatum leaf extract as a reducing and capping agent and, second, utilising the active catalyst to synthesise 1,3,4-thiadiazole in a one-pot, three-component reaction via reacting with thiocarbohydrazide, acetophenone, and chalcone to produce 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivative compounds at an ambient temperature. Copper nanoparticles and T. resupinatum leaf extract have been characterised by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) spectrum, and pH analysis. The synthesised thiadiazole compounds have been identified by physical and spectral methods. The melting point, FTIR, UV-VIS, and 1H, 13C NMR spectra were employed to verify the heterocyclic five-membered fused ring structure.